Self Esteem Essay Example for Free

Self Esteem Essay The term self-esteem comes from a Greek word meaning reverence for self. The self part of self-esteem pertains to the values, beliefs and attitudes that we hold about ourselves. The esteem part of self-esteem describes the value and worth that one gives oneself. Simplistically self-esteem is the acceptance of ourselves for who and what we are at any given time in our lives. It is very important because it affects how you think, act and even how you relate to other people. It allows you to live life to your potential. There are two sides of self esteem; Low self esteem and high self esteem. What is low self esteem? Low self esteem means poor confidence and that also causes negative thoughts which mean that you are likely to give up easily rather than face challenges. In addition, it has a direct bearing on your happiness and wellbeing. Low self esteem comes from a poor self image. Yourself image is based on how you see yourself. Do you think you are a good, reliable, hardworking, honest or friendly person? Do you like what you see when you look in the mirror or do you believe others look better and dress better than you? Low self esteem feeds your negative thinking and causes you to believe the criticism others make of you. Do you take what others say and not speak up? This can cause you to lose confidence so it is vital to end negative thoughts if you want to build your self esteem. On the other hand, high self esteem is the opposite of low self esteem. If you have a high level of self esteem you will be confident, happy, highly motivated and have the right attitude to succeed. Therefore, when we are happy about ourselves, not caring about what people say about us, we live a happier life, a healthier one, a more successful one Best of all, we live in peak performance. Happier lifestyle comes from within, it enables happy and relaxed cells, and it controls stress. Happy cells lead to a prolonged life expectancy which means extended period to lead an even happier life! What a great attribute if you can only come to terms with who you are, regardless of whatever any person says about you. Remember life is too short to live by other people? s opinions and reflections. It is said that, â€Å"No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. †

Methods of Value Engineering

Methods of Value Engineering CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION In future the proactive and effective manage of cost, contracts, communication and claims – the four Cs- will consistently become more important to developers and facilitators involved in physical structures and properties. The Quantity surveyor should understand the challenges and opportunities presented by the needs of client in relation to cost, contracts, communication and claims and perhaps focus their development on the important links between the functions. Changes and developments in the industry and market will also influence the way in which these functions are managed. For those professionals who deliver these services to the industry, the focus should be on client satisfaction and a positive experience for all concerned. Establishing a link in effectively managing the process to ensure success should be the primary aim of the manager. This should be done in close partnership with all functionaries, engaged in the process. Planning, controlling and co-ordinating budgets and cost plans, as well as communicative results will limit claims and facilitate the process of contract management. The contract should also facilitate partnerships and the system should be aimed at satisfying needs, seeking opportunity and perusing growth. CHAPTER 2: AIMS OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main objective of this paper is to study the subject of value engineering (now know as value management) from QS (ME) perspective. Based on the parameters; cost, contracts, communication and claims the value engineering study is done and the challenges faced by the quantity surveyor is also discussed. The objective of the study can be summarized as follows. To study the subject of value engineering and its methodology. To study the value engineering importance in cost management and the quantity surveyors role. To study how the selection of contracts can add value to the project and the quantity surveyors contribution to that process. To study the quantity surveyors communication strategies to achieve the expected value and clients objectives. To study how the knowledge of quantity surveyor can add value (in terms of money, time and effort) during disputes. CHAPTER 3: VALUE ENGINEERING THEORY METHODOLOGY 3.1: Methodology Value engineering methodology evolved in the 1940s when the transition was made from the search for an alternative to the search for means of fulfilling the functions of an alternative. Shortly afterwards it was observed that function-oriented alterations in working methods often result in improving quality along with eliminating unnecessary cost (Palmer et al., 1996). Since its introduction, the methodology has been well developed to be applied in construction industry, as it enables realization of life cycle cost and cost effectiveness of projects (Omigbodun, 2001). VE in the construction industry is mainly an organized effort to challenge the design and construction plans of projects to provide the required facility at the lowest overall costs, consistent with requirements for performance, reliability and maintainability (DellIsola, 1988). Delays in construction projects may be due to lack of meticulously devised plans (Ghorbani and Shokri, 2005) and consequently budget deficit (M irmoham madsadeghi and Aghdami Thani, 2005). Through all-pervasive utilization of the VE methodology such obstructions may be avoided. This judgement is made on the grounds that VE can improve plans and designs along with thriftiness in budget expenditures. Researches (e.g. Mirmoham madsadeghi and Aghdami Thani, 2005) show that this negligence is often due to limited access to experts and lack of knowledge about the method and its benefits (Table 1). One may realize that these two factors may predispose VE teams towards other obstruction factors (Mirmoham madsadeghi and Aghdami Thani, 2005). This obstacle may be surmounted with recourse to artificial intelligence (AI) models. Case-based reasoning (CBR) from AI may be utilized to enhance efficiency of VE study through outlining a model of the expert knowledge for a VE workshop. The inherent analogical nature of a CBR model would facilitate access to more comprehensive and systematically classified information during a VE workshop. Inasmuch as VE in the construction industry encompasses a cognitive process, such a reasoning method could be indispensable and could affirm promising results. Furthermore, classified background knowledge of the knowledge base may enhance the creativity of the VE study team, and transform their creativity to capability from an instinctive behaviour of mind. 3.2: Value Engineering Theory VE may be defined as a creative, organized approach whose objective is to optimize cost and/or performance of a facility or system (DellIsola, 1988). The focal points of the notion are function analysis and creativity. Through defining functions and classifying them, it spots functions with more potential of increasing value. Thereafter with the creative approach alternative ideas would be recommended to replace original design. An established framework for fulfilling assigned tasks of the methodology has been defined as the VE job plan. The job plan is defined through special phases ranging from five to eight in various versions, all following the same concept (Assaf et al., 2000). A typical version, comprising five phases, is selected in this study (Philips, 2003): (1) Information phase: information acquisition, function analysis and selecting areas with poor value for detailed study. (2) Creative phase: generating ideas as an alternative to meet the requirements of an understudied function. (3) Analytical phase: evaluation of ideas and selecting the best practical ideas. (4) Development phase: developing prominent ideas and selection of the best idea. (5) Presentation phase: recommending a VE change and improvement proposal in a most challenging format. Teamwork is an essential phenomenon in the VE job plan, resulting in crossing organizational lines (DellIsola, 1988). The ideal groups for VE should embrace different disciplines (Phillips, 2003): Design groups comprising project engineers, designers, draftsmen and mainly engineers who are responsible for construction. Operators groups comprising supervisors and construction engineers. Experts in costs groups with e.g. cost evaluators and accountants. Development groups comprising construction experts, commercial and financial experts. Organizer groups such as trouble-shooters or construction managers. CHAPTER 4: MANAGEMENT OF COST 4.1: Aims Goals of cost management The basic goals of cost management and pricing of a project or product relate to the link between price and intrinsic value, affordability in relation to needs or investment, and managing the procurement process. The cost managers should therefore understand that they need to work with clients from the very inception of a project, even earlier and then through out the process to ensure the best results. This does not mean that a cost planner or cost manager is a cost cutter, far from it a cost manager should take responsibility ( with designers, client and other roll players) to ensure the interest of the client, community and environment are served ( Ferry and Brandon, 1991:5). Grover Cleveland (cited in Nel, 1992:43) stated the following about the property investment: No investment on earth is so safe, so sure, so certain to enrich its owner. However, one also has to take best value into account as well as to put available funds to best use. This includes gearing, cost design or design to cost, cost planning, cost control, architecture, location environment etc. Sound investment has proven its value, been a safe guard against ill fortune, produced income, provided security and shown itself to be away of producing wealth( Nel, 1992:43). Utilizing funds to best effect will improve these benefits even further. The cost manager needs to understand that the type of construction required for a building will also influenced the performance of the building over time, including the functional performances of the users environment (mole, cited in Venmore- Rowland, Brandon and Mole, 1991:307). The cost managers should be continuously involved from the design to the co-ordination and auditing, to ensure best cost results, specifically in commercial property, where investment is required to yield the best financial returns. Other areas of cost management that need attention are cash flow, the timing of payments, interest rates and the availability of funds at specific times. These aspects also influence the total financial outlay and eventual returns on a property investment. Kenley (2003:3) stresses the potential value of improved and strategic cash flow to enhance the profitability of the construction industry, with the further potential to offer reduced costs to the client and improved contractor performance. Cash flow forecast and management should therefore be part of the cost managers service to ensure that the developers receive the full benefits of pro-active attention. The cost managers (Quantity Surveyors) involved must go beyond a re- active service. It should also include a service that takes the following aspects of value into account. Physical: a quality building Psychological; a pleasant looking building which is good to live in, places of the soul Real quality: cost effective but with specifications that fit the purpose. Durability: taking life cycle costs and whole life cycle costs into account. Design: design to cost, cost design and appearance. Affordability: budget and returns are important. Timelessness: short term fashions as opposed to design that will withstand the pressures of current whims. The cost manager, while communicating alternatives and options to the designers and the client should remember the role of relative quality, affordability, returns, as well as the latters link to design and specification. 4.2: Quantity Surveying and cost management methods and tools Although cost management may be seen as an obvious and simple process, in reality it is not. All aspects associated with a project have a direct impact on costing and how it is managed (knipe et al., 2002: 257). The quantity surveyor is ideally placed to manage this complex process. If the methods are followed correctly and the tools used effectively, cost management may produce exceptional results. 4.2.1: Cost Design This process is based on design aimed at satisfying the parameters dictated by cost, cost of acquisition, operation and management. The process may also be described as cost design where such design is defined as designing a project in economic terms, taking into account the cost and cost benefits of each element of the project in an effort to balance the interrelationship of all cost elements and the reason for its existence ( Knipe, 2002:276; Verster and Berry 2005:20-40). 4.2.2: Value Management Value management is a systematic approach and process earlier referred to as value engineering, to ensure delivery of a function or product at the lowest cost without detriment to quality, performance or reliability (Ashworth, 2004: 409-421; Green 1992). Value management is a continuous process that should occur throughout the project but is most effective when implemented right from the inception of the project. More over, it should also include the following aspects: Orientation: Understanding the issues Information: Identification of functions, needs, budgets, project constraints and timing. Speculation: The creative development of ideas and alternatives Analysis and evaluation: Elimination and filtering of ideas. Development: Examination in detail Selection: The final proposal Conclusion: Presenting the findings to the client. Value management is one of the effective tools available to quantity surveyors who are in a position to play an important role in ensuring that the client and designers actually consider all value and cost related aspects of construction, design specification and development options. 4.2.3: Cost Planning Cost planning is used to ensure that the developer knows in the early stages of a project what the anticipated final cost of the total development may be, including the cost of land, legal issues, demolitions, buildings, professionals, furniture, connections, tax, financing and management. Building cost is only of the items, but the quantity surveyor should include all costs in the cost plan of the final cost. The cost planner should have a clear understanding of cost and budget targets to enable him to adjust the developer about possible future over-runs and pro- actively to provide alternative solutions (Ferry and Brandon, 1991:9). One of the most effective tools that the quantity surveyor uses to assist with the planning and design process is the elemental cost plan. The theory behind the analysis of building costs per element is that the total cost is a sum of the cost of individual so- called elements such as walls, roofs, foundations, etc ( Morton and Jaggar, 1995:41-43). 4.2.4: Cost Control Linked to auditing, cost control is an activity that is aimed not only at reactive reporting of decision results, but also at accounting for the decisions and visions of the client and advising the client how best to achieve desired outcomes (Knipe et al., 2002:257). Cost control happens through out the deployment process, from the briefing stage to completion. 4.2.5: Cost Checking This process is necessary to ensure that the client is always informed about the actual performance of the building in cost terms in relation to the budget or cost plan. The actual cost of each element or section of the building as the detailed designs are developed is checked against the cost target or cost plan, or specific elements in the cost plan( Seeley, 1983:14). 4.2.6: Cost Analysis Cost analysis supports the quantity surveyors service to the client and can provide the quantity surveyor with useful cost information and data. The forms of cost analysis are identified by Ashworth (2002:69), namely; Identification of major cost items Analysis of the annual user cost of building ownership Identification of those groups of items(elements) of cost importance 4.2.7: Cost benefits analysis The aim of cost benefit analysis is to establish the real benefit of expenditure not only in financial terms, but also in terms of time and energy expended by human resources, and the social benefits (Ferry and Brandon, 1991:12-13). 4.2.8Life cycle costing The life cycle costing also known as cost-in- use describes the modelling techniques aimed at coping with the mixture of capital and running cost of buildings and effect on ownership of a building. The quantity surveyor must be very sensitive to the influence of all cost factors so that the client receives advice that is practical, applicable, timely and effectively 4.2.9: Cost reporting The Quantity surveyor must ensure that continuous, accurate cost information, analysis, cost results and cost influences are reported to the client and design team. 4.3: Conclusion Using the above tools, techniques or methods and implementing them effectively will result in a better product at a better price with lower maintenance cost and an increased return potential over a long period of time. Money is the most limited resource and the challenge is to utilize it optimally. Though the quantity surveyor is ideally positioned continuously to play an active role, he should also be more involved in strategic decisions to empower clients even more. CHAPTER 5: CONTRACTS AND THE QUANTITY SURVEYOR 5.1: Aims and goals of construction contract A contract is a document that spells out the rights and obligations of parties and the administration of this interaction while protecting the parties against the risks that emanate from various relationships, action s and production. Many alternative ways to procure contracts exist, but experience has shown that a partnership approach as opposed to a two -sided procurement method is preferable. The secret of success may be in the organization of rights, obligations and administration, in such a manner that mutual support by the parties and effective professional service to the contracting parties are important factors to be included in the contract. Although the legal systems in countries are very specific to each country, there are important aspects that need to form part of any construction contract in any country ensure harmony, the parties understanding o f duties and the effective administration of obligations: Objectives: Offer acceptance and performance Preparation: Documents Design responsibility Agents Site representation Regulations Works risk Indemnities Insurances Securities, guarantees etc Execution: Preparation Access to the works Access to the works Setting out of the works Assignment Nominated and selected sub contractors Direct contractors Completion: Practical, works and final completion Defects liability periods Sectional completion Revision of dates Penalties Payments: Interim payments to the contractor Adjustments Recoveries Final accounts Cancellation: By the employer or the contractor and the rights related to Default and disaster Disputes: Litigation, arbitration, adjudication and mediation. The above headings taken from an agreement show the general terms that should be included in a construction contract, but one needs to remember that many project- specific variables also need to be included in the agreement. The contract documents, apart from drawings and specification, should also include the following: Preliminaries the management of the contract Trade preambles basic standard specifications Bills of Quantities depending on the method of procurement used, but compiled in accordance with an acceptable and agreed standard. Guarantees. 5.2: Procurement options Although the quantity surveyors service is traditionally linked to the production of bills of quantities, the profession has evolved to play a pro-active role in any procurement alternative and contractor selection process. Once the quantity surveyors service, in relation to pre-contract cost advice , is concluded, the very important next service phase of procurement advice and action should be addressed. Basically, procurement can be divided into two main alternatives, these are: Price-in-advance methods Cost-reimbursement methods Various other procurement methods for diverse needs and reasons are used, such as cost plus, construction management, design and manage, and measured term contract. The primary considerations for contractor selection or procurement, however, are the following: the influence of cost, time and design as well as the clients needs and budgets. For this reason, the quantity surveyor may promote the multi-procurement method to enable the client to control the effects of time and cost, continuing to allow space for sustained design, development, effective professional service and contractor involvement. The method relives on producing procurement documents timely, on a provisional basis, based on provisional design information. This enables the procurement of a main contractor who will manage many other selected or nominated sub -contractors who will be procured during the development of the building, as detailed information becomes available. The secret of this method is that mutual unders tanding and a very close working relationship between all role players must exist. The quantity surveyor performs a very important task in the execution of the project. 5.3: Conclusion The proper selection of an appropriate procurement method and the introduction of effective contract terms that will enable the contracting parties to focus on the work at hand should derive from pro-active, knowledge -based advice to the client, taking all aspects and circumstances of the proposed project into account Contracts, ensuring a partnership approach and imposing order on the rights and the obligation in proper manner, generally cover all risks and ensure effective contributions by the client, contractor and professionals. CHAPTER 6: THE MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNICATION 6.1: The goals of a communication strategy 6.1.1: Contract communication Contract terms should be communicated to parties and people involved so that they have no or little doubt about the meaning of words or terms. For this reason, the following aids are used by courts to interpret contracts: Avoidance of absurdity Upholding the contract or clause as opposed to ineffectual or void interpretations Equitable interpretations The intention s of the parties The recitals are subordinate to the operative part of the contract The grammatical meaning of the words used The contract will be interpreted as a whole in respect of the purpose and scope The technical meaning of words The written contract itself as opposed to verbal explanations It is clearly understood that the contract guides the official communication related to rights, obligations and administration of the contract and by all the parties involved. It is therefore important that the quantity surveyor should understand all issues related to contract communications. 6.1.2: General communication In the information era, however, the strategic resource is information, knowledge and creativity. There is only one way a corporation can gain access to these valuable commodities through people its most important resource (Naisbitt and Aburdene in Puth, 1994: 25) The above quotation illustrates how important it is to work with people, not only informally but also formally by means of contract documents, and in the process communicate well with them. People are the most important resource and thus the most important aspect and source of success. 6.2: Communication using management and leadership methods While contract communication is generally used as a formal and official communication method to ensure that the rights and obligations of parties are protected and enforced, management and leadership communication, as an approach or method, are very important elements in ensuring results. 6.2.1: Management communication Management communication is the number one problem in business today. While technology has advanced in leaps and bounds, managers and academics understanding of the substance of the process. Communication is seen as the life-blood of organizational management; therefore, the manager and professional must have an adequate knowledge of the nature and role of communication although it is difficult to do well or understand the influence of communication (Ewing in Puth, 1994: 3). The effective communicator should have a well-founded understanding of substantive transformation as a basic approach. Management is inherently a problem-solving job ( Whetten and Cameron in Puth, 1974: 109), indicating the importance of communication while obvious criteria for solving problems are expertise, knowledge, skills and experience , using sound management principles to transmit function -and- outcome expectations. 6.2.2: Leadership communication Leadership is based on communication. Leaders communicate not only information, but also attitudes and assumptions (Emshoff and Denlinger in Puth, 1994: 146). Since professionals often find themselves in leadership positions where clients and other parties rely on their expertise and skills, the professional must also be able to communicate and be concerned with: Coping with change Understanding competition and markets Be able to inspire followers Be a good example and influence people to achieve goals Emshoff and Denlinger in Puth (1994: 147) suggest that many corporations today are over-managed and under-led. Professional leadership is needed and should be the concern of all professionals. Autry and Mitchell (1998: 214) suggest that a wise leader should embrace the paradox of: By not forcing, he leadsBy not dominating, he leadsBy not leading, he leads Leadership asks for communication with subordinates, partners, professionals and other functionaries. Leadership is expected of any professional because of his position, knowledge and pro-active service. The lessons to be learned from the above are that communication is not forceful, not dominating, but accommodating. 6.3: Conclusion Colin Bower warns against a specific form of leadership, in his words: Leadership is never a neutral value – far from it, it polarizes and divides he continues the cult of leadership is not more than the most thinly and inept disguised cloak of tyranny. He argues that we do need leaders in battles and expeditions, but because of these times, it should not mean that they are always needed and that leaders fudge issues and paper over cracks by substituting evangelical qualities for good organization, agreed objectives and rational propositions. He concludes with an idealistic picture of competent individuals acting as his or her own leader (Bower, 2005: 2). It remains clear that leadership could be all of the above, but that effective communication and partnerships with individuals may lead to success. CHAPTER 7: MANAGEMENT OF CLAIMS AND DISPUTES 7.1: The goals of claims and dispute resolution The goals o f claim and dispute resolution are firstly to establish the right of any party to submit a claim, and secondly to enable the other party to consider the claim in terms of its validity, contractual terms and possible outcome. Lodging or considering a claim do es not mean that a dispute exists, but should the rejection of a claim occur, a different interpretation of a claim exist, a difference of opinion obtain, one has to note that a dispute may then be lodged. Dispute resolution should then assist the parties in resolving such an impasse in a cost effective, satisfactory and timely manner. 7.2 The methods used to resolve disputes For the purpose of this paper, the methods to be discussed are cancellation, adjudication, mediation and arbitration. 7.2.1 Conciliation In an effort to resolve a dispute, satisfactory results are never guaranteed, not even in a court of law. It is therefore perhaps important to use inexpensive ways and methods to try and resolve a dispute. Results have shown that conciliation does have a remarkable measure of success in regard to solving differences before they can become disputes. The parties decide who the conciliator will be. The conciliator should, however, be a person with good communication skills and knowledge. The objective is to bring the parties together in a forum to investigate their contentions and assist the parties to formulate their own settlement, by indicating the consequences. Improved communication should be ensured through joint and separate meetings. The conciliator may also be requested to formulate an own opinion. In the end, parties are still left with the option to continue with litigation or arbitration. Conciliation, however, has the following foci and advantages: Control the parties control the process Consensus the parties aim at the best commercial solution Continuity the relationship will continue Confidentiality- no harmful public exposure The following diagram illustrates the difference between litigation and all ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) processes: The quantity surveyor, with good communication skills is ideally positioned to play an important role in respect of conciliation because disputes usually revolve around payments, valuations, certificates and penalties. 7.2.2: Adjudication Adjudication is an accelerated form of dispute resolution in which a neutral, impartial and independent third party deals with the dispute as an expert and not as an arbitrator, and whose determination is binding unless and until invalidated or overturned b y an arbitration award. The adjudicator shall not give advice to the parties or their representatives concerning any aspect of the Agreement in respect of which he has been appointed other than in accordance with stated Rules[Joint Building Contracts Committee (JBCC) 2005 4.1 Adjudication rules, cl. 1.1, 3.2] The procedure may be as follows: Either party shall submit full details of a dispute arising in terms of the agreement, together with copies of all relevant documents The other party may submit a written response The adjudicator shall: act as an expert and not as an arbitrator adopt the most cost and time -effective procedure The adjudicator may also: convene and conduct a hearing determine the payments and costs of the dispute on the basis of the submitted documents only meet with the parties decide on his own jurisdiction make use of specialist knowledge open up documents related to the dispute refuse admission to any persons other than the parties It is important to note that a n adjudication award is not binding on the parties, but is most definitely a process that will limit the costly processes of arbitration and litigation. Quantity surveyors and cost engineers are ideally positioned to play a very active role in adjudication. 7.2.3: Mediation

Tim Berners Lee: The Inventor Of The Internet

Tim Berners Lee: The Inventor Of The Internet Many people have had a significant impact on the world of mass media that radically changed how the world communicates information. One example of someone who has done just that would be Tim Berners-Lee, who is best known for his innovation: The World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee has impacted the world of mass media in several ways. First, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. Second, since the World Wide Web was invented, it has radically changed the way that the people communicate. Third, the internet has revolutionized how the press gets information to the people. Finally, while the Internet has its advantages, it has had alot more than its share of controversy. First, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. The story behind the invention of the internet is an interesting one. It all began around 1980 while Tim Berners-Lee was working as a software engineer at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics in Geneva, Switzerland; also known as CERN. He wanted to figure out a new way to organize his notes in a brain-like way, but while improving upon the abilities of that occasionally memory-constrained organ and came up with a new way of doing it building a software program called Enquire (TIME). Using the ideas that he used to build Enquire and other ideas that were current at the time, he created another way of finding files on his computer: by creating a type of hypertext notebook that allows the text in a document to be linked to other files on the computer. He then thought about accessing materials on other computers. He then thought about opening his computer to not only his coworkers at CERN, but to the scientific community everyw here. By using this type of networking scheme by connecting individual computers together on a network, it would mean no centralized system. This would mean that the new network would have no trouble with scalability, which means that it could grow to infinity. Tim Berners-Lee then built a coding system that was easy to learn and use to build web pages. It is called HyperText Mark-up Language, also well known as HTML. It has become the most wildly used language that web developers or even normal people use to create web pages and sites. He then created e new set of protocols that allowed these HTML documents to be connected across the Internet called HyperText Transfer Protocol, also well known as HTTP. Soon after that, Tim Berners-Lee wrote the code for the first web browser, which allowed users around the world to access web pages on the internet. Once the World Wide Web debuted in 1991, the world of mass media changed forever as it brought order and clarity to the chaos that was cyberspace. The World Wide Web (the information-sharing model built for the internet that is the way accessing and sharing information on the internet) and Internet (the massive network of computers) experienced growth at exponential rates (The Difference). At one point, the number of internet users was doubling every 53 days (TIME). Clearly, Tim Berners-Lees inventions made a huge impact on the mass media industry. Second, since the World Wide Web was invented, it has radically changed the way that the people communicate. Since the Internet was first brought online, many social networking sites have radically changed how people, businesses and organizations communicate. One of those websites is Facebook. With Facebook, anyone could create a profile on the site and not only post their thoughts on their wall for friends to see and comment on, but also use instant messaging to talk to friends in real-time and even share photos and videos between friends or even everyone on Facebook. Facebook has evolved the way that people communicate in several ways. One example is how easy it is for anyone to click the Add Friend and reconnect with old friends. Another example is how the sheer number of people using Facebook affects the mass media, numbering in the hundreds of millions, possibly soon to be in the billions. Because of how many people use Facebook, the chances are good that anyone wanting to find old friends would find them on Facebook. Businesses who want to advertize would use Facebook because their ads would reach a very large amount of people. Organizations who create community pages or groups for a specific cause could also speak to a very large amount of people. Another great example is how Facebook is real time and very easy to update. Since Facebook is real time, people could keep their profiles current from anywhere with just seconds of work at a time, even from mobile devices such as cell phones. This also allows people to share events as they happen within seconds (Welcome)(NEWS). Clearly, Tim Berners-Lees invention allowed the social networking sites to form and they evolved the way that people communicate. The global nature of the Internet and the World Wide Web only helps to let sites like this expand on a huge scale. Third, the internet has revolutionized how the press gets information to the people. For hundreds of years, the newspaper has been the best known and well used source of information on current events. However, in recent years, its popularity has declined. Nowadays, 61% of citizens in the western world get their news from the Internet, compared to 17% who get their news from the newspaper. This could be for several reasons. One reason would be that people could access up-to-minute news on the internet at any time from any location if they want to because of the nature of the internet and the evolution of mobile devices that have the capability to access it. There is no need to go to a newsstand or store to buy a newspaper to read news that might be out of date. Another reason is that publishing a story on the internet is also much easier and less expensive than publishing it on printed media. Internet news could also have photos and video supporting the text on a new agencys website. Another reason would also be that the news is available to many more people due to the worldwide nature of the internet (What are)(Newspapers). Another mainstream format that the internet is quickly replacing would be television. Internet television and streaming video are supplying news in about the same format as television with full motion video. Internet video is also easier to set up and less expensive to put a video online or watch it (Internet). Clearly, Tim Berners-Lees inventions revolutionized how the press gets information to the people. Finally, while the Internet has its advantages, it has had alot more than its share of controversy. Since Tim Berners-Lee invented the internet, it has caused many controversies in the world. One key example of a significant issue in many countries that the internet has provided is the use of censorship to filter obscene materials and the worldwide nature of the network. Some countries, such as China have responded with a strict internet censorship scheme that regulates what types of content the people may read or write. In fact, the censorship scheme has been given the nickname The Great Firewall of China in popular culture because it blocks thousands of websites that the Chinese government feels are a threat to the country and society. It also affects the ability of the press to report current events freely and without restriction. This was especially a huge issue during the Beijing Olympics, where there were many foreign journalists on site. Another key issue that the internet has caused is the issue of privacy. One major breach of privacy that involves the internet would be Google Street View. Google Street View is part of Google Maps and it allows anyone to view an area as if they were standing on a street. Google uses specially modified vehicles with cameras that take pictures in every direction as the car drives along. These pictures are then uploaded to Google Maps and allow users to use them in addition to maps to look at an area. This has caused major privacy problems because there are several occasions when the vehicle takes photos of people on private property that do not wish to be photographed for various reasons. While Google does offer users the option of reporting individual images to request their removal from the web, that that would be after the fact and the image could have be saved by anyone prior to removal (15 Biggest). Clearly, Tim Berners-Lee has made a significant impact on the world of mass media because while his inventions created many advantages to how media is delivered to the people, it also creates massive controversies in the process. Tim Berners-Lee has had a significant impact on the world of mass media that radically changed how the world communicates information. His innovations that caused these changes are the World Wide Web and the Internet. Tim Berners-Lee has impacted the world of mass media in several ways. First, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. Second, since the World Wide Web was invented, it has radically changed the way that the people communicate. Third, the internet has revolutionized how the press gets information to the people. Finally, while the World Wide Web and the Internet has its advantages, it has had alot more than its share of controversy. Clearly, Tim Berners-Lee has impacted the world of mass media in many ways, positive and negative. Gaucher’s Disease: Types, Symptoms and Treatments Gaucher’s Disease: Types, Symptoms and Treatments New Treatment Plans Give Hope to Patients with Gaucher’s Disease Katherine Van: Gaucher’s disease occurs within individuals because they lack the enzyme glucocerebrosidase in the body, which is responsible for breaking down fatty substances called glucocerebroside. Consequently, large amounts of fatty substances are able to build up and stay in the liver, spleen, lungs, bone marrow and brain because of the damaged and lack of glucocerebrosidase. Hence, the disease is also called glucocerebrosidase deficiency. Any age group can be diagnosed with this disease, but studies show that there is a higher percentage of the disease in Eastern and Central European Jewish people.     Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many types of Gaucher’s disease. The first form is called non-neuronopathic Gaucher’s disease because it does not target and damage the central nervous system. The symptoms are: Thinning of bones Extreme bone pain and bone fractures Enlarged liver Enlarged spleen Low amounts of healthy red blood cells Excessive fatigue Vulnerability to bruising Low amounts of blood platelets Yellow spots in the eyes Regular nosebleeds The second type of Gaucher’s disease is neuronopathic and it can be life-threatening because it damages the central nervous system. Babies after three months of birth can be diagnosed with this form of Gaucher’s disease. Its symptoms are similar to the non-neuronopathic form, but it also includes: Brain problems, including dementia Severe inflexibility Seizures The last form of Gaucher’s disease is called perinatal lethal and it is the most severe type. In fact, most infants with perinatal lethal die after a few days of birth. The symptoms listed below: Extensive swelling due to fluid accumulation Dry and scaly skin Serious neurological problems Gaucher’s disease develops as a result of mutations in the GBA gene. The GBA gene is responsible for making glucocerebrosidase enzymes, which simplifies glucocerebroside molecules into sugars and smaller fat molecules. However, mutations in the GBA gene impact the ability of the enzymes to function properly. Consequently, the large amounts of fatty substances cause organ failure. Patients can be diagnosed with Gaucher’s disease because of an inheritance pattern called autosomal recessive. The parents must be carriers of a Gauchers genetic mutation in order for the children to have Gaucher’s disease. Nevertheless, there is only a 25 percent chance that their child will be diagnosed with the disease. In order to identify and track the progression of Gaucher’s disease within patients, a series of diagnosis and tests are used. Enzyme analysis uses blood tests to identify a patient’s levels of glucocerebrosidase. If Gaucher’s disease was active in the patient, there are low levels of glucocerebrosidase in the blood. On the other hand, carriers have enzyme levels between the affected and unaffected people who are not carriers. Another test is called the genetic mutation analysis and it tries to find mutations in the genes associate with Gauchers disease. However, not all of the genetic mutations involved in Gauchers disease have been identified; thus this test is used to help classify which type of Gauchers disease patients have. In order to measure the progression of the disease, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can also be used. DXA uses low energy X-rays to measure bone density, while MRI uses magnetic fields and rad io waves to create images of organs. MRI can show organ enlargement, such as the spleen or liver. In addition, doctors perform prenatal testing in pregnant women that are carriers of Gaucher’s disease to test if Gauchers disease is active in the fetus. Doctors will analyze the amniotic fluid or tissues from the placenta to complete the prenatal testing. Gauchers disease cannot be cured; it is only controlled or managed. The type of treatment given to patients varies depending on the type and severity of Gaucher’s disease and condition of patients. One treatment given is the enzyme replacement therapy, where replacement enzymes in liquid substances are injected into the veins of patients every two-weeks. This type of treatment is effective within individuals with non-neuronopathic Gaucher’s disease. Nevertheless, people may regularly experience an allergic reaction to the enzyme treatment. Another treatment method available is the bone-marrow transplantation. This is a surgical procedure that is used for severe cases of Gauchers disease, where damaged blood-forming cells are removed and replaced. However, this medical treatment is not as common as the enzyme replacement therapy because it has more threats and hazards. Lastly, medication can also be used to manage Gaucher’s disease. The oral medication miglustat ( Zavesca) is an effective drug that minimizes the build-up of the fatty substances in non-neuronopathic Gaucher’s disease. Nevertheless, the medication can cause side effects in the digestive system, such as diarrhea and, weight loss. Furthermore, the drug can also interfere with sperm production. In ladies, birth control is advised while using miglustat and for three months after they stop using the drug. In December 2001, Genzyme, a Sanofi Company completed a study to compare the effectiveness of a drug, Cerezyme, in two different dosage amounts in their patients with Gaucher’s disease. Both males and females ages 18 and older were eligible for study. Nevertheless, only patients with type 1, non-neuronopathic Gaucher’s disease were allowed to participate. There were multiple research centers that participated in the lab, including eighteen in the United States, one in Canada, six in Europe, and one in Brazil. During the study, 90 participants were randomized and placed into two groups. The first group of people received their monthly dose of Cerezyme in two infusions; one infusion per two weeks (Q2). The second group of individuals received their monthly dosage in one infusion every month (Q4). The progression of the effects of the drug on the Gaucher’s disease was monitored by measuring the hemoglobin values and platelet count of patients. Magnetic resonance ima ging and computer tomography were also used to explore any improvements in the patient’s liver and spleen conditions. Moreover, researchers tried to identify if the change in dosage reduced the symptoms of patients, such as fatigue, vulnerability to bruising and yellow spots in the eyes. Genzyme believed that patients who received one infusion every 2 weeks would show a more positive reaction towards their non-neuronopathic Gaucher’s disease because there was a longer period of time in between the monthly dosage sessions of Q4. Hence, this could cause a deficiency of all the replaced glucocerebrosidase at the end of the month. Conversely, Q2 would be more stabilized because the enzyme glucocerebroside would be replaced every two weeks. In theory, by the end of each month, only half of the enzyme glucocerebroside would be deficient. Similarly, the findings of the lab, displayed in table one, showed that 80.8% of the participants of Q2 Cerezyme showed clinical success, whereas there was only 63.2% of clinical success within individuals using Q4 Cerezyme. Hence, Q2 was a better drug frequency in terms of safety and efficacy. Q2 Cerezyme Q4 Cerezyme Number of Participants Analyzed 26 57 Number of participants with Clinical Success 21 36 Proportion of participants with Clinical Success 80.8% 63.2% Table 1: Number of Participants with Clinical Success after the Completion of the Clinical Trial The chart above portrays the number of participants that showed improvements in their Gaucher’s disease in comparison to their condition before the clinical trial. For example, some participants noticed a reduction of symptoms, such as extreme tiredness, bruising, yellow spots in the eyes, and nosebleeds. As well, there were some improvements in hemoglobin values, platelet count, and liver and spleen conditions. A similar lab was conducted to test the efficacy of two dosage amounts in an enzyme replacement therapy on February 1, 2007. The global specialty biopharmaceutical company, Shire, wanted to test VPRIV, a hydrolytic lysosomal glucocerebrosidase-specific enzyme, that was used in long-term enzyme replacement therapy for patients with type 1 Gaucher’s disease. The controlled variable of the study were the 45 and 60 U/kg dosages of VPRIV, also known as velaglucerase alfa (GA-GCB), given to patients with type one Gaucher’s disease. Shire also used random trials to divide the participants into two groups that received the dosage every other week. Nevertheless, one group received 45 U/kg and the other group received 60 U/kg of VPRIV. Ages two and older of both genders were allowed to participate in the study. The duration of treatment for each patient was 12 months, where the first patient enrolled into the study on January 11, 2007, and the last patient participated in the res earch project on April 8, 2008. The progression of the effects of the drug on Gaucher’s disease was monitored by measuring the hemoglobin values and platelet count of patients. Magnetic resonance imaging and computer tomography were also used to explore any improvements of the patient’s liver and spleen conditions. Shire believed that 60 U/kg of VPRIV was a better treatment towards the non-neuronopathic Gaucher’s disease, assuming that VPRIV was safe and efficient, because there were more artificial enzymes. The data collected in table two supported their hypothesis as the average change of baseline of Gaucher’s disease was better in the twelve participants that used 60 U/kg of VPRIV every other week. A baseline is the initial amount of a substance where the final amount is compared to. A baseline is also referred to as the reference point. The chart supports Shire’s hypothesis as the spleen and liver volumes of VPRIV 45 U/kg patients decreased and hemoglobin and platelet concentrations increased towards a more normalized size or amount. Nevertheless, the research is still continuing and the data released is not fully up to date. VPRIV 45 U/kg, Every Other Week VPRIV 60 U/kg, Every Other Week Number of Participants Analyzed 13 12 Average Change of Baseline of Spleen Volume (units: Percent body weight) -1.87 -1.92 Average Change of Baseline of Liver Volume (units: Percent body weight) -0.30 -0.84 Average Change of Baseline of Hemoglobin Concentration (units: g/dL) 2.429 2.438 Average Change of Baseline of Platelet Counts (units: x10^9/L) 40.92 50.88 Table 2: Change of Baseline of Gaucher’s Disease in Participants After 12 Month Treatment The chart above portrays the average change of baseline of spleen volume, liver volume, hemoglobin concentration and platelet counts for two groups of patients; those who received 45 U/kg of VPRIV, and other who received 60 U/kg of VPRIV every other week. Negative values indicate a decrease in size, whereas positive values indicate an increase in size. The data was collected by using magnetic resonance imaging and analyzing participates’ blood tests. Overall, studies continue to occur in order to find more effective treatments for individuals suffering from Gaucher’s disease. The severity of this disease may vary from patients, but in general, the disease is very harmful as it can lead to deaths in young age groups. Gaucher’s disease attacks important organs in the body, such as the liver, spinal cord, heart and brain, and prevents the organs from functioning properly. Nevertheless, the disease only occurs due to genetics and the positive research projects conducted on Gaucher’s disease will continue to bring hope in humans. References http://www.convertunits.com/info/dl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003647.htm http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/childhood-cancer-information/supportive-care/symptom-and-side-effect-management/low-platelet-count/?region=nu http://www.lilly.com/products/patient-safety/providers-role/Pages/adverse-event.aspx http://www.drugs.com/monograph/cerezyme.html http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gauchers-disease/basics/coping-support/con-20031396 http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/gaucher-disease http://www.shirecanada.com/en/default.aspx http://www.vpriv.com/about-vpriv/ http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT00430625?term=gaucher+diseaserank=13sect=X012 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00364858?term=Gaucher%27s+Diseaserank=3

Jack Kerouac’s On The Road - The American Quest Essay -- On The Road

On The Road and the American Quest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jack Kerouac's On The Road is the most uniquely American novel of its time.   While it has never fared well with academics, On The Road has come to symbolize for many an entire generation of disaffected young Americans.   One can focus on numerous issues wh en addressing the novel, but the two primary reasons which make the book uniquely American are its frantic Romantic search for the great American hero (and ecstasy in general), and Kerouac's "Spontaneous Prose" method of writing. On The Road is an autobiographical first-person book written in 1951 and based on Kerouac's experiences of the late 1940's. At the time, America was undergoing drastic changes and the sense of sterility brought on by a mechanized Cold War era society resu lted in a feeling of existential dislocation for many. Numerous Americans began to experience a sense of purposelessness and the air was rife with disillusionment.   Kerouac was one of these restless postwar young people and he longed for...something.   A n ew kind of hero?   A return to a Romantic tradition and simpler days?   When Kerouac met Neal Cassady, he knew Cassady was the kind of hero he had been seeking.   Eventually, as Robert Hipkiss notes, "Kerouac began to see Neal as an 'archetypal American Man' "....and, in fact, when Kerouac created Dean Moriarty out of Neal, "he created a new symbol of flaming American youth, the American hero of the Beat Generation" (32-3).   Indeed, as Hipkiss argues, Dean Moriarty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   is the most singular hero of the road America has ever had.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mixing the individualism of the freeborn American with that      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   great present-day extension of this freedom, the motor car, ... ...opeless and yet be determined to make them      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   otherwise.... On The Road is an example of such a test's      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   being taken -- and passed.... (132)    Kerouac, like Bellow and Plath, sees that things are hopeless but he remains determined to go on, and on, and on....          Works Cited    Bartlett, Lee, ed.   The Beats: Essays in Criticism.   Jefferson, C.: McFarland, 1981.    Bartlett, Lee.   "The Dionysian Vision of Jack Kerouac."   Bartlett 115-26.    Dardess, George.   "The Delicate Dynamics of Friendship: Reconsideration of Kerouac's On The Road."      Hipkiss, Robert A.   Jack Kerouac: Prophet of the New Romanticism. Lawrence: Regents P of Kansas, 1976.    Hunt, Tim.   Kerouac's Crooked Road.   Hamden, CT: Archon, 1981.    Kerouac, Jack.   On The Road.   New York: Signet, 1957.      

Comparing Crime and Punishment and Notes from the Underground :: comparison compare contrast essays

Crime and Punishment and Notes from the Underground  Ã‚  Ã‚   Crime and Punishment and Notes from the Underground   Ã‚  Fyodor Dostoyevsky's stories are stories of a sort of rebirth.   He weaves a tale of severe human suffering and how each character attempts to escape from this misery.   In the novel Crime and Punishment, he tells the story of Raskolnikov, a former student who murders an old pawnbroker as an attempt to prove a theory.   In Notes from the Underground, we are given a chance to explore Dostoyevsky's opinion of human beings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Dostoyevsky's characters are very similar, as is his stories.   He puts a strong stress on the estrangement and isolation his characters feel. His characters are both brilliant and "sick" as mentioned in each novel, poisoned by their intelligence.   In Notes from the Underground, the character, who is never given a name, writes his journal from solitude. He is spoiled by his intelligence, giving him a fierce conceit with which he lashes out at the world and justifies the malicious things he does.   At the same time, though, he speaks of the doubt he feels at the value of human thought and purpose and later, of human life.   He believes that intelligence, to be constantly questioning and "faithless(ly) drifting" between ideas, is a curse.   To be damned to see everything, clearly as a window (and that includes things that aren't meant to be seen, such as the corruption in the world) or constantly seeking the meaning of things elusive. Dostoyevsky thought that humans are evil, destructive and irrational.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In Crime and Punishment, we see Raskolnikov caught between reason and will, the human needs for personal freedom and the need to submit to authority.   He spends most of the first two parts stuck between wanting to act and   wanting to observe.   After he acts and murders the old woman, he spends much time contemplating confession. Raskolnikov seems trapped in his world although there is really nothing holding him back; he chooses not to flee and not to confess, but still acts as though he's suffocation (perhaps guilt?)In both novels defeat seems inevitable. Both characters believe that normal man is stupid, unsatisfied and confused.   Perhaps they are right, but both characters fail to see the positive aspects of humans; the closest was the scene between the narrator of Notes from the Underground and Liza.   In this scene he almost lets the human side show, rather than the insecure, closed off person he normally is.

Measuring Quality Health Care

{draw:g} {draw:g} {draw:g} Why is a patient the most important thing when it comes to healthcare? Without a patient, there would be no healthcare. What do patients look for when it comes to getting care they need? I feel that cost is one thing, but the most important thing a patient wants is quality care. A positive patient outcome is one of the measures of quality health care. Additionally, health care workers have many roles when determining quality care. The main factor to a positive patient outcome is providing the patient with the best care that can be given. This includes what ever it takes medically to keep this person healthy. Many people are denied certain medical procedures due to the insurance company not providing the payment. Therefore, the billing clerk should try and see if there is a charity that is available or set up a payment plan. This is another approach that I feel is necessary in providing a positive patient outcome and quality care, watch for medical errors. Why? According to Stevens, there are over 50,000 people that die every year in a hospital or healthcare institution due to a medical error. Training employees and having an administrator over parts of the facility would help improve on errors. Training is the key to the problem. If an employee gets adequate training, then there is less of a chance for a mistake. Roles that health care workers have when determining quality care vary. The main role is assessing the patient, diagnose, monitor, observe treatments, and respond to changes. Other roles that are played if the patient is at home are making sure the patient is in a safe environment, communication with all parties involved, making sure the patient is eating and drinking well, keeping an eye out for changes, and make sure the patient is using proper hygiene. Measuring quality care is important for the patient as well as the facility. Without the patient, there is no facility. Keeping a patient happy, comfortable and healthy is important. There are many different roles provided by health care workers that are involved in a patient’s care, depending on the care the patient needs. The main thing is a positive patient outcome. What makes something positive? A positive health care worker makes a big influence on a positive outcome. References: Stevens, A. (2008) http://blog. sunbeltstaffing. com/medical-ethics/what-role-do-healthcare-worker

Recent Stock Market Crash and Government Initiatives

And Government Initiatives for stabilizing the market Dear Sir Here is the report on â€Å"Analysis of Recent Stock Market Crash and Government Initiatives for stabilizing the market† which I have prepared as the requirement of completion of the ABA degree and the course BUS 498, Project Work. While making the report I studied the reasons of stock market crash of Bangladesh during 2010-201 land government taken initiatives to stabilize the market situation. I have come to know a lot of things about the practical scenario of the capital market in Bangladesh.The whole experience of this report writing enabled me to bridge the AP between classroom learning in my academic study in the university and real life situations to a great extent. I thank you and the University for providing me such an opportunity. Sincerely yours, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT For helping to making this project, at first, I would like to thanks the Almighty and My parents. I am grateful to the employees of broker house s who helped me in collecting data and other necessary information for this report. I would also like to thank my friends and relatives for their supports.I would like to express my respected appreciation to my instructor Md. Zulu Haze. His constant guidance and advice played the pivotal role in making this report a success. He always gave me his suggestions that were crucial in making this report as flawless as possible. The project report is prepared to fulfill the partial requirement of the ABA program. Regarding the outcome of this report, I would like to express my sincere gratitude, profound thankfulness and indebtedness to my honorable teachers of the Department of Business Administration.I must take this opportunity to thank Dacha Stock Exchange for giving me the opportunity to complete my project requirement ND gave me the chance to show my practicability in the organizational arena. Executive Summery This report is about identifying the causes behind the recent collapse of capital market in 2010-2011 and government initiatives regarding that. To identify the causes and effective initiatives requires plenty of time and informational resources. Due to shortage of that the report highlights on the principal areas of the topic. The whole report is divided into six chapters covering their own respective parts of the topic.Chapter one Contains the detailed information about the recent market crash n 2010-2011 and government initiatives for stabilizing the market. The chapter includes several segments such as origin of the report, background, rationale of the report, objectives of the study, scope and limitations. It describes the background of the capital market in our country in details. Chapter two report revealed the methods used in collecting the objectives of the report which are the causes of the market crash and government initiatives regarding that. Primary and secondary data sources are used to complete this report.The chapter shared the direct op inion and ideas of he investors and informational data from Journals, paper articles and websites of the capital markets about the catastrophic incident of the capital market. The third chapter of the report provides an detailed description about the capital markets of Bangladesh and its history, Dacha stock exchange (DEEDS) and its missions, objectives and functions, Chitchatting stock exchange (CASE) and its vision, mission and objectives & an overview of Bangladesh securities and exchange commission (BASE) have been given consecutively.DEEDS is the present form of former east Pakistan stock exchange. It is the largest capital market of the country. CASE is known as the pioneer of modern capital stock exchange in the country. The mission DEEDS & CASE is to create a successful well-organized and transparent market of international standard to facilitate the competent entrepreneurs to raise capital and speed up industrial growth for overall benefit of the economy. So that Bangladesh can be a perfect investment ground for the domestic and foreign investors.The prime objective of the DEEDS & CASE is to create a nation-wide stock market also beyond the national boundary. The activities of DEEDS and CASE are regulated by the Bangladesh securities exchange omission. Beech's mission is to protect the interests of securities investors, developed and maintained fair, transparent and efficient securities markets, ensure proper issuance of securities and compliance with securities laws. This chapter discusses elaborately about these topics. Chapter four raises the detailed discussion about the capital market crash in 2010-2011.It highlights the December 2010 and January 2011 separately to explain the exact situation before, during and after the capital market collapse. There was an extreme disorder among the investors and law enforcers in the street. The government, regulatory bodies and BASE took immediate steps to minimize the losses of the investors and regain the st ability of the capital market. A committee of four members had been formed to find out the reasons behind the catastrophic incident.The committee submitted the report identifying the reasons which are role of market regulators and their employees, demutualization of exchanges, uniform face value of shares, trade in pre-pip placement, misuse of omnibus accounts, faulty asset revaluation, irregularities in book building method, lack of knowledge of small investor, December closing of financial institutions, serial ND artificial trading, issue of right and preference shares, suspicious transaction of top players, block placement and direct listing.The fifth chapter of the report explains the necessary steps taken by the government to overcome this recent catastrophe in stock market.In order to bring stabilization in the capital market government has taken some initiatives such as increasing the merging loans,relaxing the maximum limit of merchant banks investment starting netting syste m once again,altering mutual fund rules, introducing circuit breaker on the capital market index ,enforcing disciplinary measures against illegal activities,reviewing the transparency in transaction through Boo accounts etc. Chapter six consists of the recommendations which are stated to make the capital market more stable. He major recommendations are all the parties have to work perfectly, government can improve its guidelines for stock market, the decisions regarding the market should be taken considering behavioral psychology of the investors, in order to make the market more attractive, the corporate tax bracket can be lowered in order to encourage pompons to list their companies in the exchanges, the regulatory bodies' frequently changing policy and rules that is not good for the market stability, at the initial stages of stock market development, appropriation of state owned enterprises can make a signification contribution, regular TV and radio program should be made on deve lopments and other topics relating to the stock market to make the investors aware etc. The study has attempted to find out the major reasons for the recent stock market crash of Bangladesh in 2010-11 and role of different regulatory organizations including DEEDS, CASE, SEC and the government of the country. A number of reasons for the stock market crash have been identified. Though many causes were identified, few factors emerged stronger in the recent stock market crash.The causes includes over exposure of banks and financial institutions, poor monitoring of regulators, corrupted employees of regulatory organizations, margin loan, direct listing, insider trading, book building, lack of general investor's knowledge, imbalance of share and intervention of Bangladesh Bank. Other reasons, mentioned in discussion section were also liable for the crash. It also tries to suggest regulatory organizations to follow the recommendations to stabilize the capital market more efficiently.