Thomas Paines Political Influence During the 1700s

Thomas Paine was an English-American, writer and revolutionist; he was born on January 29, 1736. From 1772 to 1773, Paine joined excise officers asking Parliament for better pay and working conditions, publishing, in summer of 1772, The Case of the Officers of Excise, a twenty-one-page article, and his first political work. On June 4 1774, mathematician, Fellow of the Royal Society, and Commissioner of the Excise George Lewis Scott introduced him to Benjamin Franklin, who suggested him to move to British colonial America. In October, Thomas Paine departed from Great Britain to the American colonies. He arrived in Philadelphia on November 30 1774. He became a citizen of Pennsylvania by taking the oath of allegiance at a very early period. In January 1775, he became the editor of the Pennsylvania Magazine. In April 1775, during the battles of Lexington and Concord, Paine viewed, that the Colonies had all the right to revolt against a government that imposed taxes on them but which did not give them the right of representation in the Parliament at Westminster. But he went even further: for him there was no reason for the Colonies to stay dependent on England. On January 10 1776 he namelessly published the best-selling American title of that period named Common Sense, signed as â€Å"Written by an Englishman†. Common Sense was another article that directly demanded independence from British government, it was the most widely read pamphlet of the American Revolution. InShow MoreRelatedThe Age of Reason and Revolution Essay810 Words   |  4 Pagesbrought on many changes to religious, political, scientific, and literary aspects of the eighteenth century. The Age of Reason and Revolution was a time of change. This age, and the changes in it, was mainly brought upon by the Renaissance, along with some other technological inventions that made reasoning possible. But mainly, the Renaissance provided the historical roots for the Age of Reason. The Age of Reason had tremendous influence in arts and architecture, intellectualRead MoreNationalism And Its Impact On Society1755 Words   |  8 PagesNationalism was coined back in the 1770’s it has a major role in the shaping many nations throughout the world. Nationalism has many positive and negative aspects to it. Nationalism has the strength to unify people despite their classes. It also has the ability to united people to lead movements against oppressive governments. There is a downside Nationalism can as method to evoke fear. The biggest negative is that most nationalism movement’s inevitably led to some form of conflict. Nationalism isRead MorePro’s and Con’s of Nationalism Essay1814 Words   |  8 PagesPro’s and Con’s of Nationalism Nationalism was coined back in the 1770’s it has a major role in the shaping many nations throughout the world. Nationalism has many positive and negative aspects to it. Nationalism has the strength to unify people despite their classes. It also has the ability to united people to lead movements against oppressive governments. There is a downside Nationalism can as method to evoke fear. The biggest negative is that most nationalism movement’s inevitably led to someRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesKirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife Hellan whose good advice has improved the book in many ways. vi Table of Contents Preface....................................

Bahram Ahmadi Free Essays

string(63) " that the portfolio management processes are enabled properly\." A programme of work for the implementation of a strategy is a large set of coherent guidelines that include several activities in the program so as to achieve certain objectives. It involves several processes including organising, coordination, developing, designing, training, building, developing, growing, closing, etc. In any program strategy for a project, the objectives of the organisation play a very important role. We will write a custom essay sample on Bahram Ahmadi or any similar topic only for you Order Now The project program strategy gives importance to the manager that would be responsible for carrying out the operations of the project, the timing and the nature of the activities, and the dealing with specific tastes of the customers. Project program strategy is highly specific to a project. However, there may be more than one strategy to be employed to meet the objectives of the project. During the planning stages, the managers would sit down to develop a strategy. These strategies are developed so as to be appropriate with the characteristics of the organisation, human resources, geographical location, social features, politics, etc (Walter, 1999). For each project in an organisation, the program of work (workflow as such) is managed independently. The project manager would be looking at several limitations in the resources, including time, money and the scope. A project may fail due to several reasons (including deficiency of resources, lack of goals, conflict issues, problems with the customers, etc), and the manager would have to anticipate these problems right during the initiation of the project and ensure that a problem-solving process is enabled. Each project manager would be determining the ongoing processes in the project through monitoring and evaluation of the performances. The project manager would have to adopt different strategies so that the organisation could achieve certain objectives and hence reach a desired goal (Brentani, 2003, Walter, 1999, University of Texas, 2007 Rad, 2006). The process of developing a strategy for the project is very simple. The managers would have to sit down and decide the various objectives that need to be achieved by the project. The means of achieving such objectives need to be discussed. The manager should involve other parties including the administration, the portfolio manager and the stakeholders. It may be very difficult to come to a consensus if too many people are involved in the process. This is because several people may have different values, outlines and approaches. The process of setting up the objectives, determining the goals and the ways of achieving them is very tedious and could take a long time. The manager should associate the strategy needed to achieve the objectives. During the final stages, the manager would have to also ensure that the strategy/ies adopted help to meet the objectives (Walter, 1999) On the other hand, portfolio of the project management is an approach in which various projects in an organisation are treated as smaller portions of a much larger venture (with respect to investment and resource allocations). The project portfolio management would be functional right from the initiation of the project to the very completion. Certain instruments are utilised in the portfolio project management to help the managers (including planning, allocation of resources, evaluation, monitoring, analysing, standardization, etc). This can be considered as a centralised instrument required to effectively handle several projects in an organisation and to study the performance of several projects that may run in an organisation. It can be utilised to compare and contrast various projects. One very important feature of project portfolio management is to determine the costs, expenditure, benefits, investments and other features of the project. In recent years portfolio management has turned out to be a very important aspect of planning, especially in IT firms. IT companies would be managing several projects and programs running in various parts of the world through an effective portfolio management system. Studies conducted in the past have demonstrated a little less than half of the IT companies are unable to meet their targets due to inefficient portfolio management (Oracle, 2007, Stanford University, 2007 UMT Consulting Services, 2007). The portfolio manager mix of projects should be such that the resources of the organisation are utilised effectively. They should be selected in such a way that the risks are significantly reduced. The portfolio manager is in a good position to priortize the projects and accordingly allocates the resources. He should be able to select the project based on their ability to fulfil certain criteria (Crow, 2004 Oracle, 2007). A portfolio management system would be much broader and would include several other processes such as defining the opportunities, bringing those projects into the focus that would be able to achieve some objectives, monitoring of the projects, etc. Portfolio management should be considered to be an art rather than a science. Frequently, portfolio managers would have to work with the fund managers of the organisation, so that there is effective use of the money. Portfolio management is frequently utilised in several developed, and slowly developing nations are moving towards effective portfolio management (Crow, 2004, Brentani, 2003 Rad, 2006). A portfolio management system is often utilised by an organisation to bring about success in the project (as many projects could be effectively be handled simultaneously). A portfolio may be funds or resources and can be utilised by the organisation to increase returns over a very short period of time. An organisation would observe that the resources available at any point of time would be less than the amount of resources required by a particular project. Hence, one of the main objectives of the portfolio managers would be to effectively manage the resources of several ongoing projects. The management of the organisation needs to sit and figure out what the commitment of the organisation would actually be. As management of an organisation is a dynamic process, this exercise has to be done from time to time. Besides, actually managing several resources including human resources, logistics, IT, support systems, etc, time also needs to be handled. The management should be very much interested in ensuring that the portfolio management processes are enabled properly. You read "Bahram Ahmadi" in category "Papers" The organisation should ensure that the interests of each and every protject are enabled. If a project is not performing properly, the ideal plan would be to discontinue it, if the organisation does not have the resources to handle it. A proper flow of information of the project should exist so that the process of monitoring is effective. It is very important that the projects be managed in a formal and official manner. The data that would be flowing would be much more accurate and effective in ensuring the objectives of the organisation are met. There should be a clear flow of data between the programs, projects and the portfolios (Brentani, 2003, Walter, 1999, Rad, 2006). In the portfolio management, all the projects that are ongoing in the organisation are chosen and a standardised fashion of evaluating them is utilised. Portfolio management is very much required for the production, development and the utilisation of ideas and intellectual property in various projects in an organisation. The portfolio manager would be performing various tasks such as reallocating and promoting the staff members (as per their characteristics) in various projects. Thus it can be seen that if an organisation has a very good portfolio manager, he would be using the human resources very efficiently (UMT Consulting Group, 2007). The entire framework of portfolio management involves three steps, namely creating, selecting and managing. The goals and the strategies to be adopted in the portfolio management are made keeping in mind the characteristics of the organisation. Accordingly, new opportunities that are present should be identified and resources allocated. The objectives have to be prioritised and the tasks and activities that are to be done are selected. Finally, it is also important that the project be managed in the most efficient and organised manner (UMT Consulting Group, 2007). Many organisations do not have any portfolio management process running. Only the companies that feel that research frequently perform it and development is vital for the well being of the company. Only about 10 % of all organisations in the industry do have a strong portfolio management system in place. If a portfolio management system were not in place, then all the projects in the organisation would be given equal amount of importance or authorisation. This would result in all the projects that are going on in the organisation are given equal amount of resources (Rad, 2006). In an organisation, the project or the program manager would ensure that the project could achieve its objectives. On the other hand, the portfolio manager would ensure that the operational activities and the maintenance programs in the organisation are smooth and functional. The team leader and the middle scale managers usually do the project management. On the other hand, the higher staff members including the administration do the portfolio management. The higher management of the organisation would be concentrating on the portfolio, rather than the functioning of each individual project (Brentani, 2003 Rad, 2006). In a project or a program management, the team leaders and the manager would ensure that the staff members meet the specific goals of the project. The organisations main aim would be to deliver quality products or services. The portfolio manager would instead be ensuring that the goals of each and every project are in tune with that of the organisation. In the project management, a lot of importance is given to completing the tasks on time and ensuring that costs are limited. On the other hand, the portfolio management would be concentrating to a very less extent on fulfilling completion tasks on time and using the minimal amount of resources. The members of the portfolio management team would include the leader, the stakeholder, advocates, project managers and the office managers (Brentani, 2003, Stanford University, 2007 Rad, 2006). The project or the program management should work in coordination with the portfolio management. Several processes in the project such as selection of the resources, prioritisation of the targets of the project, and the resource allocation should be performed in the most appropriate manner. The decision-making of the project needs to be very active and dynamic in nature. Informed decision-making and resource allocation is very important for the project to function properly. The project or program manager has to ensure that certain structures or a framework in the organisation is in place before the functional activities can be carried out. The project environment should be such that the objectives kept in mind can be achieved. The program manager and the portfolio manager should ensure that an environment is created that would be conducive to achieving the objectives of the organisation. The project members should function as a team so that the objectives are met. The team working on the project should have the skill, experience, knowledge and the competence to carry out the tasks of the project. One of the main reasons why projects do not succeed is because they may take long time to produce the results or may consume a lot of the resources. To ensure the project is effective (to ensure completion of the tasks) and efficient (completion of the tasks with appropriate use of the resources) in its objectives, it is very much needed that both the project management and the portfolio management work in close coordination with each other (Brentani, 2003 Rad, 2006). The management activities of the portfolio management would be repetitive in nature. On the other hand, the management activities of the project management would be cyclic in nature. If the portfolio manager can take care of the functioning of all the projects, then the organisation can be considered to be very competitive. If a project does well, it would have an impact on the functioning of the organisation, but also on other projects (Brentani, 2003 Rad, 2006). Portfolio management would definitely help the organisation to grow, expand and develop. The wealth of the organisation would increase with an effective portfolio management strategy. The portfolio manager would be bringing in various assets (including infrastructure, support systems, financial resources, human resources, logistics, etc) and securities into the organisation. He would be considering investing in various ways including growth stock investing and value stock investing. From time to time, the objectives of the organisation would vary and hence, it is the duty of the portfolio managers to vary the investment pattern in the organisation. A greater amount of flexibility would be required. The management style of the portfolio managers should also vary depending on the needs (Brentani, 2003). A portfolio manager and the program/project manager would be concentrating on different characteristics of the project. The portfolio manager would be using the PPM (project portfolio management) tools, whereas the project manager would be using the single-project management tools. The PPM tools would ensure that the functioning becomes more and more efficient, the costs are effectively distributed and the profits of the organisation are increased. It also ensures that the organisation is following a particular framework whilst managing the projects (Brentani, 2003 UMT, 2007). Each project has to be carefully planned and implemented in the organisation. The entire project management should be done in phases. The project management tools would ensure that the staff members make effective use of the resources in the organisation and ensure completion of the targets that are required within the project. The project manager would have to motivate the staff so that the work is improved in quality and the project is able to achieve its targets. Only if the management practises of the project are appropriate, could it be able to achieve its objectives (Free Management Library, 2007, Brentani, 2003 Rad, 2006). The program strategy would be concerning a greater amount of internal issues with relation to the project, whereas the project portfolio management would be concerning the external issues. It is necessary that the portfolio mangers align their objectives as per the strategic objectives of each program. The portfolio processes should be customised to suit other management processes that would be functional in the organisation, simultaneously. Both program strategy management and portfolio management involve interacting with the clients, and hence demonstrate the importance of clients with respect to management and its processes (Stanford University, 2007). References: Brentani, C. (2003), Portfolio Management, Elsevier, Philadelphia http://books. google. com/books? id=8LJrilH_eEECpg=PT14dq=portfolio+managementsig=x-IYrHl67RaZTocKedqv_fTBX3w#PPT16,M1 Crow, K. (2004), A Practical Approach To Portfolio Management, [Online], Available: http://www. npd-solutions. com/portfolio. html, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. Free Management Library (2007), Project Management, [Online], Available: http://www. managementhelp. org/plan_dec/project/project. htm, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. Oracle (2007), Peoplesoft Enterprise Project Portfolio Management, [Online], Available: http://www. oracle. com/media/peoplesoft/en/pdf/datasheets/e_epm_ds_projportmgmt_41005. pdf, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. Rad, P. F. Levin, G. (2006), Project Portfolio Management, IIL, New York. http://books. google. com/books? id=PUavbSMdP7QCpg=PA7dq=project+portfolio+managementsig=Nwscmbzr4s8B_X2cHG26-1hiW9Y#PPA10,M1 Stanford Advanced Project Management (2007), Mastering the Project Portfolio, [Online], Available: http://apm. stanford. edu/courses/MPP. html, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. Stanford University (2007), Portfolio Management Team, [Online], Available: http://www. stanford. edu/dept/its/projects/PMO/files/pmt. html, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. Walter, S. L. (1999), Defining and developing program strategies, [Online], Available: http://www. sil. org/lingualinks/literacy/PlanALiteracyProgram/DefiningAndDevelopingProgramSt. htm, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. Walter, S. L. (1999), Defining program objectives, [Online], Available: http://www. sil. org/lingualinks/literacy/PlanALiteracyProgram/DefiningProgramObjectives. htm, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. UMT Consulting Services (2007), PPM – Project Portfolio Management Consulting, [Online], Available: http://www. umt. com/site/PPM-Consulting_60. html? PHPSESSID=9917b5631be27d19dbb1d077885e2866, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. UMT Consulting Group (2007), What’s Really Driving the Importance of Portfolio Management? (DM Review, February 27, 2004), [Online], Available: http://www. umt. com/site/Why-Portfolio-Management_4. html, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. University of Texas –DIIA (2007), Project management tutorial, [Online], Available: http://www. utexas. edu/academic/cit/howto/tutorials/project/index. html, [Accessed: 2007, August. How to cite Bahram Ahmadi, Papers

Business Process Management Report

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Process Management Report. Answer: Introduction This report will look the aspects of cloud computing in delivering better business process management. The report looks at the review of article BPM in the Cloud and with it we would also look at the supporting evidence. We will also look at the effect of cloud and other access platforms. Apart from this we will look at the effect of reduced upfront costs. Apart from this we can also look at the effect of change in business IT systems. There are several influences of an IT based system. We look into each of these aspects. SaaS as a Hardware, Installation and Hosting Platform Since the absence of client software made SaaS very popular. The technology change was not very huge but the big change came up for BPM in terms of product design. Initially the cost structure made the cost of hosting and maintenance getting transferred from the buyer to the vendor this reflected a major issue for the cloud system. Then we can look at the complex VPN network which makes it difficult to login to the client system since VPN connectivity needs to be there. As per other supportive reports, SMAC based technologies have a market share that has been rising at the rapid pace of 20% CAGR. Hence there have been several steep rises. We can also see that there are several enhancements that have led to a higher growth over the years. But out of all the SMAC technologies cloud services have witnessed the maximum growth and market significance due to ease in adaptability. The proliferation of the SMAC based technology market indicates a rapid development towards this kind of a market. B2B Collaboration The ease of B2B collaboration increases with cloud systems. When collaborating with people in other companies, effective firewall systems that have an internalized corporate system become difficult to use. The on-server installation costs can be reduced. There are a large number of smaller deployments and procedures that are not very feasible. For BPM services there has been a struggle to integrate the ease of sharing cases and other task orientations with other forms of collaborative spaces in the context of a number of companies. Hence the B2B collaborative effort is reduced. The other companies have capabilities to develop in this technology space while Apple does not have the same. They have also lagged behind when it comes to internet services. Reduction in Upfront Investment The on-server installation costs can be reduced. There are a large number of smaller deployments and procedures that are not very feasible. Large organizations are process oriented that deem the fitness of the BPM process. Without the upfront investments and procedural challenges the upfront investment reduces significantly (Watfa, Najjar, Cheikha and Buali 2015). Let us take the example of Apple Not being able to scale up its SMAC based services especially the cloud services is a deep rooted challenge for Apple. The other companies have capabilities to develop in this technology space while Apple does not have the same. They have also lagged behind when it comes to internet services. These include the failure of Apple Maps, MobileMe and others. They do not have internal talent to bridge this gap. They need to look for external hires. Apple is internally driven and do not believe in inorganic growth to achieve the closure of gap between the capability and the desired end product. There will always been a higher threat of misalignment, Cloud has substituted the traditional way of data storage and availability. Hence an inflection point should be reached to ensure that there will be greater proliferation of efficient consumer friendly platforms. Cloud has brought in the focus of the business upon the consumers. Consumers would not leave and disengage due to the way cloud computing is handled since they operate in the rare space of technology at ease which gives into a wide range of products into the main fold of SMAC based technologies. End Users and Clients Bring your own BPM solution becomes very difficult for execution. Thus making the solutions self-driven, which might lack in other processes. The IT department selection process often involves a request for proposal (RFP). These request for proposals contain whatever the vendors can do with the given problem. Thus the features are added and hence the vendors find this as a big driver. RFPs and analyst firms have pushed BPM solutions to include more features and functions but this has become increasingly difficult to curtail costs since there are implicit costs which have been rising. The traditional methods of competing are no longer in use to long term sustenance. Companies need to think out of the box and apply that knowledge to get the best results. These results determine the effect of companies that can bring about a revolutionary change in their approach. This leads to the development of a far more integrated strategy. Market beliefs and marketing techniques are not specific they cannot be fixated by a single technique. Blue Ocean strategy can also be seen to have impacted the value innovation model (Subramanian, V., Mungi, A., Sivakumar, and Viswanathan 2013). This technique looks into the aspects of value orientation and calls for a Reconstructionist view to understand the impact of newly defined changes in market launch and sustenance. There are several examples in recent context that depict a blue ocean strategy. Dynamics Change in Business and IT The two have widely changed over the years owing to the effect of IT integration and IT landscape. In one of the research articles we come across cloud computing and elasticity. This shows the change in the way IT is perceived these days it has become a revenue function for many organizations. There are points in the seminar process where the Salesforce accounts are not forced as accounts. There are integrations between the BPM system and the external systems. There are dependency changes in the way consuming data is concerned (Schulte, Janiesch, Venugopal, Weber, and Hoenisch 2015). There are several aspects of process modelling and clutter based process diagram. Thus the process of non-technical business people to start to data dependencies thus preventing business people to change process freely. Then comes the impact of clear division between end users and IT people (Meyer, Louridas, Steijaert, Galeazzi, Ruda, and Radojevic 2013). We can also see that there have been a large numb er of coordination among people that leads to a greater systematic integration and coordination among people. Thus there are system integration challenges that have been faced. There is no system integration is required so managers can keep the changes in process until there is stability reached also there is a measurable and valuable appreciation of the technical system integrations. From Collaboration to Processes As we discussed above how are collaborative efforts integrated to give a resultant process orientation. Thus the process of social collaboration and cloud BPM solution with the advantage of looking at the effects of an incubation process of a large portion of work that comes through. There are also salient challenges of spotting a user pattern with a template based process as a natural step must be taken into consideration. The primary focus has to be the user experience and other collaborative areas of concern and solidarity (Zhao and Yue 2013). Thus the use of ACM based features. The cloud industry is healthy in terms of its market share of migration with close to 40% of the IT application base. The distribution network of cloud based systems is primarily based on its own franchise store ability. The flagship cloud computing systems bring the effect of single brand retail stores that can help get a foothold of the businesses. The store layout itself is an innovation and creative angle (Jiang, Le, Wang, Sun and He 2011). Next comes the concept of cloud management and business process integration. The typical issue is about the BPM purchase scenarios. We would also look at how the Cloud brand operates in the minds of the end consumer. The situation analysis will reflect how Cloud has led to a greater proliferation of market geographies. Cloud has even reached the stages on maintenance in a number of applications (Payne 2016). Master data of assets creation and their ID creation becomes easier with cloud based system. We can also see that the promoter organizations look into the aspects of pushing the IT interface onto the BPM product. There are several managers that look into the benefits of Cloud BPM services that allow seamless registry and other dependency initiatives. The future strategy is still based on innovation and design hence cloud systems must look at building better processes. Cloud systems are inter dependable and can cease to exist if there are several issues of marginalization. Cloud is thus the way forward in terms of process architecture. Cloud based systems have seen the privilege of brand loyal customers. This indicates the effect of brand conscious consumers in this technology savvy industry space. The cloud revolution has brought in plethora of products have also been more durable and so is the SMAC based technology too. The designs have always been revolutionary. In the recent edition they have gone wireless. They are also trying to work on holographic screens. Compatibility is a little challenge since all of their products are compatible with other cloud integrated products which Android has compatibility with Windows Azure (Muthusamy and Jacobsen 2010). Cloud has been the competitive advantaged platform for a long time. As we can see that the six skills mentioned are the core advantages that Cloud computing plays on. It is a complete solution with a music player I Pod, then comes the tablet PC which is fairly advanced in its features. The next feature is rapid innovation that Cloud has seen. It is majorly due to the effect of technology changes that have engulfed this company for long. They have reacted in a very swift fashion to get a market leader position in the smartphone cloud phase (Mircea and Andreescu 2011). The cloud system has changes multifold cloud has pioneered as the best designer, it started off with a networking environment. But they have now gone into the best personal computing space. They have other salient products that have both personal and professional significance. The cloud computing space here stands for innovation led technology change (Skarlat, Hoenisch, and Dustdar 2015).Cloud is thus not just a parameterized performance platform it has proven to be highly scalable and performance driven platform. Cloud technologies have greater scalability and performance compared to the old data base structures. With the increase of data and the role of Data Analytics. Big Data based cloud platforms should drive the future for some time. Thus we can see that Cloud is one of the best revolutions that the world of IT has seen for long. Conclusion Thus we have seen how the impact of cloud and the transformation has been witnessed over the years. We can also see how the designs have always been revolutionary. In the recent edition they have gone wireless. The distribution network of cloud based systems is primarily based on its own franchise store ability. We have thus seen SaaS as a Hardware, Installation and Hosting Platform, B2B cloud collaboration as well as the differentiation between clients and end users. The IT department selection process often involves a request for proposal (RFP). And these RFPs lead to a better understanding of the business process and willingness of the vendor to develop a cloud platform. These include the failure of Apple Maps, MobileMe and others. They do not have internal talent to bridge this gap. Hence we can see that there has been sustained effect of the cloud based system that will look into the aspects of complete scope of business for cloud based systems. There is also an effect of product management and program management. The articles here consider cloud having huge potential but there has to be synch with other upcoming technologies. References Muthusamy, V. and Jacobsen, H.A., 2010, September. BPM in cloud architectures: Business process management with SLAs and events. InInternational Conference on Business Process Management(pp. 5-10). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Mircea, M. and Andreescu, A.I., 2011. Using cloud computing in higher education: A strategy to improve agility in the current financial crisis.Communications of the IBIMA. Jiang, J., Le, J., Wang, Y., Sun, J. and He, F., 2011, October. The BPM Architecture Based on Cloud Computing. InKnowledge Acquisition and Modeling (KAM), 2011 Fourth International Symposium on(pp. 196-198). IEEE. Payne, L., 2016. Adding and configuring environments for users. Schulte, S., Janiesch, C., Venugopal, S., Weber, I. and Hoenisch, P., 2015. Elastic Business Process Management: State of the art and open challenges for BPM in the cloud.Future Generation Computer Systems,46, pp.36-50. Watfa, M.K., Najjar, N.A., Cheikha, J. and Buali, N., 2015, October. A New Framework for Cloud Business Process Management. InInternational Conference on Cloud Computing(pp. 83-92). Springer International Publishing. Subramanian, V., Mungi, A., Sivakumar, G. and Viswanathan, R., International Business Machines Corporation, 2013.Archival management of business processes in a cloud environment. U.S. Patent Application 13/910,442. Purcell, J.L., Supakkul, T.K., Thomas, M. and Wong, J., International Business Machines Corporation, 2013.Dynamically optimized distributed cloud computing-based business process management (BPM) system. U.S. Patent 8,504,400. Skarlat, O., Hoenisch, P. and Dustdar, S., 2015, August. On Energy Efficiency of BPM Enactment in the Cloud. InInternational Conference on Business Process Management(pp. 489-500). Springer International Publishing. Meyer, K., Louridas, P., Steijaert, A., Galeazzi, F., Ruda, M. and Radojevic, B., 2013. Cloud Service Delivery Across the RE Community-Opportunities and Risks. InEUNIS 2013 Congress Proceedings(Vol. 1, No. 1). Zhao, R. and Yue, C., 2013, February. All your browser-saved passwords could belong to us: a security analysis and a cloud-based new design. InProceedings of the third ACM conference on Data and application security and privacy(pp. 333-340). ACM.

The Disney Difference Essay Example

The Disney Difference Essay Guyette Luster MGT 301 17 March, 2013 Module 2: Case Application â€Å"Managing the Magic† Assignment Page 121 (1-4) 1. What is the Disney Difference and how will it affect the company’s corporate, competitive, and functional strategies? Answer: The â€Å"Disney Difference† is Disney’s marketing strategy that has basically kept the brand afloat throughout the recession years. Disney has been able to market well by staying with a large amount of products and services to add value to the brand. The Disney Difference will affect the corporate strategy (Coulter, DeCenzo, Robbins, 2011) since they are expanding into Hong Kong and have already organized an amount of funding they will need to finish the project. The Disney Difference will affect the competitive strategy (Coulter, DeCenzo, Robbins, 2011) by staying with the times. Disney was once viewed as just a child-loved place. With the future ventures that Disney has decided to invest in, the company should do very well in its category and stay very competitive in nature. The Disney Difference will affect the functional strategy (Coulter, DeCenzo, Robbins, 2011) by the amount of marketing and research they have invested in as well. Customer service will also be researched. Surveys and customer reviews could play a role in the functional strategy. 2. What challenges do you think Disney might face in doing business in Russia? How could Iger and his top management team use planning to best prepare for those challenges? Answer: Expanding into Russia is a very uncertain challenge. We will write a custom essay sample on The Disney Difference specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Disney Difference specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Disney Difference specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The brand has done very little with Russia but the management team has already used planning to delve right in. They have planned to start with televised Disney programming (Coulter, DeCenzo, Robbins, 2011), a planning strategy that is very specific, but flexible. Television programming can be pulled if they do not do as well as planned so they really are not starting out huge. Another way Disney can plan with their management team is to start planning phase two in Russia with a time frame of televising and marketing. Maybe put Disney products in local malls if not already doing so. Marketing and research are two very important roles in a successful brand. 3. With the announced expansion of Disney’s Hong Kong Disneyland, what goals might the company set? What type of planning will be necessary? Answer: Time frame will be an important goal for this specific project. The money has been evaluated and the length of time has possibly already been calculated. All organization departments need to be putting together individual goals that should be approved by top management. Open communication is also very important for a project this size to be successful. Specific directional planning should be in use for this project. Every department must be given a specific goal and plan to develop in such a large investment. 4. How might Iger and his top management team use the strategic management process to â€Å"keep the magic coming† in the current economic climate? Answer: Planning and analysis are the first two ways to â€Å"keep the magic coming† (Coulter, DeCenzo, Robbins, 2011). After, the management needs to formulate a plan and adhere to their short-term/long-term goals (Coulter, DeCenzo, Robbins, 2011). Implementing those strategies and goals are the next step (Coulter, DeCenzo, Robbins, 2011). Evaluating the results and researching the customer reviews or the marketing strategies (Coulter, DeCenzo, Robbins, 2011). This is to ensure that the company is making the profit necessary to stay on top. References Coulter, M. , DeCenzo, D. , Robbins, S. (2011). Pearson Custom Business Resources. Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions.

Asian Ebay Essay Example

Asian Ebay Essay Example Asian Ebay Paper Asian Ebay Paper 1. Why has eBay struggled in Japan, China and other Asia markets? eBay is an online auction service whose business model is ideally suited to the Web. EBay stores no inventory and ships no products. Instead, it derives its revenue from the movement of information, an ideal task for the Internet. EBay has taken its model to numerous foreign markets and been successful, particularly in England, France, and Germany, however, eBay has failed to achieve the same success in the Asian markets. There are several reasons behind eBay failure in Japan, China and its slow growth in other Asian markets, such as: Global Brand Image vs. Localization: failure to localize the brand to appeal to Asian costumers. Understanding how to localize a brand can do wonders for a company. Use success in the US as proof-of-concept. This leads to over-confidence. The fact eBay dominates in the US or Europe means little to Asian costumers Failure to understand and adapt to local market and culture Failure to react quickly to local competition Poor decision making between headquarters and local management Low-key approach to marketing In Japan. eBays failure in Japan was a series of missteps. Firstly, eBay joined the market five months after Yahoo auctions, giving its competitor a massive head start to establish itself. In auctions, there is a significant first-mover advantage. A site with more sellers attracts buyers and more buyers bring sellers. This was a lesson both companies had learned through a very different experience in the U. S, where eBay led the way and Yahoo! tried with limited success to build an auction business in its shadow. Jack Ma believes EBays failure in Japan was due to an inability to build what he calls the community effect in the country. For Ma, the community effect begins with customer satisfaction. And, eBay failed to understand the Japanese buying psyche. They tried to target the younger market, and forced them to pay by credit card, but didnt realize that most young Japanese prefer to pay cash on delivery or by bank deposit. The final nail in the coffin was imposing a commission charge of up to 5% where its competitor Yahoo charges nothing at all. Clearly fatal and basic flaws in their business plan. Another possible misstep was Whitmans choice of Okawara, a second-generation Japanese-American from Hawaii, as president and CEO. Okawara was well-known in Japan for turning a faltering frozen-pizza business into a $100 million company. But at 60, she was twice the age of most of her eBay Japan employees and new to the Internet. Okawara herself attributes the problems to the late launch: When we arrived last year, the 800-pound gorilla was already positioned. Even when eBay did get in gear, it took too long, critics say, to embellish its Japanese site with the local touches needed to attract users. Over time, categories had to be changed and more free features, such as horoscopes, product reviews, and newsletters, had to be added so it makes more sense from a Japanese point of view, says Okawara. These alterations took months. At the same time, eBay Japan also took a low-key approach to marketing, relying on its usual formula: rather than spend big bucks on advertising, just let auction fans spread the word. That passivity backfired in Japan because eBay had too few users. In contrast, Yahoo Japan spends some 8% of revenue on promotions that include renting billboards in trendy Tokyo districts, opening an Internet cafe with Starbucks, and covering the planes of a domestic airline with Yahoos purple-and-yellow logo. By 2002, the San Francisco-area company admitted defeat, laying off all 17 of its Japan employees and shutting down the site with about 25,000 listings. All its Japanese customers would be directed to its US based auction operations/site. At the time, eBay was the number one auction site in all of the other 18 countries in which it operated and one of the few successful internet companies, having seen its profits soar even amid the dot-com implosion. eBays strategy in Japan had failed. Japan was a rare failure for the company. In China. When eBay started in China in 2003 through its acquisition of Eachnet, many analysts thought that eBays China operation would be a slam-dunk. They thought that have learned from its mistakes in applying its American model to an Asian country. The Eachnet management team had staked out a commanding lead in the online auction sector, controlling nearly 80% of the market. They had strong international and domestic experience and were close to their customers. By the end of 2006, however, eBay had invested $300 million into its China operations and had little to show for the effort. Its market share had declined steadily each year until it reached an anemic 20% in 2006 as it lost ground to competitors Alibabas Taobao and Tencents Paipai. Many of the largest mistakes were not the ypical problems that businessmen often point to as the reasons why MNCs fail in China such as corruption, lack of transparency or currency problems. Again, it was the failure to understand the local market conditions, failure to build the community effect,to â€Å"localize† the brand and adapt. Chinese consumers like to buy from brands and people that they trust and where customer service was over the top. Many consumers dislike eBay because of bad service and because it did not focus on building up trust. And, to be successful in China, companies need to provide security every step of the way during a sales transaction to ensure that When eBay entered China, their Paypal payment method did not seamlessly integrate escrow into the sales process. Taobaos popular Alipay made escrow an important component of the online buying experience, because consumers felt confident paying money to Alipay and then only releasing the money after they had their purchase in-hand. In contrast, using Paypal made the whole process more complicated and nerve-wracking. Moreover, Taobao allowed the buyers and sellers to contact each other directly via mobile phone or instant messaging. Respondents liked the real-time haggling and bargaining on Taobao, while all communication via the Ebay platform has to go through Ebay so that Ebay could get its cut, slowing down the negotiation process. Later attempts by eBay to incorporate escrow into the transaction process were too late to help it regain lost market share. Chinese consumers also like to make transactions personal because it helps to build trust between the buyer and seller. Before Ebay acquired Eachnet, sellers and buyers could call a number for service questions. After the acquisition, Ebay brought in the same practices it had in the US and did not offer buyers or sellers a phone number to call, expecting consumers to email questions or join online discussion groups. Consumers in China viewed this as a major lack of customer service rather than as an efficient way to get answers and as a way to make friends with others in the Ebay sphere. They said that if they were going to pay to sell their products, they should at least have a number to call if they ran into problems. Unlike competitor Taobao, which offers free basic services to sellers, eBay initially charged listing fees. Another problem comes from the way eBay how it handled decision-making between its headquarters in San Jose and its China operations. Executives in China felt that headquarters did not listen to them at critical junctures, and they did not understood that in China, things take longer because of the need to work with the government, settle copyright issues and find local managerial talent. Puld due to several layers, the decisions just took too long. 2. EBay is making a strategic shift by giving control of its main operation to Tom Online. What does this shift signify? Commenting on the JV, Meg Whitman, President and CEO, eBay Inc EBay said the company is committed to China and she rejected suggestions that Tom Online deal represented a failure of its earlier approach, which included the 2003 acquisition of Eachnet, a Shanghai-based auction site. eBay has helped pioneer e-commerce in China, and by combining our expertise with that of a strong local partner like TOM Online, we are even better positioned to participate in this growing market. This agreement is a sign of our continued commitment to delivering the best online buying and selling experiences in China. I think you have to be willing to evolve your strategy on a local market basis to make sure you are doing the right thing for your buyers and sellers and the right thing for your company. China, like most Asian markets, sometimes requires foreign companies seeking to do business locally to simply take on a local firm as a partner. EBay took a similar approach in Taiwan, where it merged its auction site into a joint venture with local partner PC Home. We have determined that every country in Asia is quite unique, and we have to make a decision about every country in Asia, how we want to do business, Whitman said. Wang Lei Lei, CEO of TOM Online said, eBay is one of the worlds most recognized e-commerce brands and TOM Online has a proven track record of delivering outstanding services to Chinese consumers. He added, The new online marketplace to be built by the joint venture will provide an enhanced user experience, tailored for the China market, and will capitalize on our companies strengths in the emerging m-commerce sector. Although it entered into a joint venture with Tom Online, into which it injected its local subsidiary EachNet along with $40 million in cash, eBay did what its users have been doing for years: selling off old junk that doesnt make money for them anymore. Analysts considered this joint venture as a change in eBays strategy in the Chinese market as its Chinese venture had failed to materialize. Once again, eBay has failed in the Asian markets. One of the reasons cited by analysts for eBays failure in China was that it failed to understand the local market. Taobaos auction site was perceived as more in sync with the Chinese consumers buying behavior Jenny Wu, an analyst at Morgan Stanley said, Its good for eBay, because during the past two years at least it has been losing ground to Alibabas Taobao, mainly because eBay lacks local expertise†. However, some analysts noted that the deal did not create any synergy between eBay and TOM Online. TOM Onlines major revenues were generated from providing value-added cellphone services like sending news and weather conditions to users in the form of text messages. TOM Onlines dependence on such services prompted analysts to raise doubts as to whether it would fare well in the e-commerce market. Liu Bin, an analyst at BDA China said, TOM Onlines line of business is not compatible with eBays. †A few thought that the deal would result in eBay reducing its operating losses and gaining local knowledge about the Chinese market. Scott W. Devitt, an analyst at Stifel Nicolaus investment banking and brokerage firm said, Cutting losses and taking a minority stake in a locally owned business is a decent alternative for EBay. How is eBay doing today in Asian markets? According to consulting and research firm, BDA, China has surpassed the United States as the world’s largest internet population with over 216 million users. Based upon current growth trends, there will be over 280 million internet users in China by the end of 2008. According to the China Internet Research Centre in Beijing, 55 million of these internet users shopped online in 2007 spending US$8. 25 billion dollars, up from 43 million shoppers in 2006 and US$4. billion dollars spent. Despite giving up control of its China operation to Tom Online, and implementing new strategies such as: no fees for customers, platform specially designed for China market, or escrow accounts, eBay has been unable to fight off an onslaught from Yahoos joint venture partner in China, Alibaba. Instead, the move appears to have accelerated the collapse of eBays Chinese operation. EBAY Chinas market share fell from 16% to 7% in 2007 according to China-based consultancy Analysys International. As expected, Chinas Taobao picked up that gain and increased its share from 74% to 83%. But eBay has also had some success in China. Skype, the Internet phone business that eBay bought two years ago, recently said it had more customers there than in the United States, and its growth rate in China is faster than anywhere else, Whitman said. Japan was critical to eBays success because it was the worlds second-largest Internet market. The gap had to be closed soon otherwise Yahoo Inc. could easily beat it in the rest of Asia. Yahoo Japan was the No. 1 or No. portal everywhere except China. In December 2007, Yahoo Japan and eBay made a deal to link their auction sites and make it easier for their respective users to bid on and buy goods available on each others sites. A new website by name Sekaimon (gateway to the world or ‘global shopping’ in Japanese) – www. sekaimon. com was launched in December. The site allowed Yahoo Japan users to bid on items listed on eBays US site using their Yahoo Japan ID. The deal made cross-border bidding easier and gave eBay another chance to woo Japanese consumers. The move is the latest tie-up with a local firm for eBay, whose fast-growing international operations make up 51 percent of its auction and online shopping business. EBay has been seeking local partners to boost its Asian operations in the face of mounting competition. Consumer markets in Southeast Asia are growing rapidly, and the firm is considering further partnerships in areas such as Vietnam, Jay Lee, Senior Vice President of eBay Asia Pacific, told Reuters. These are places where the local customs and markets are very distinct, so theyre perfect for partnerships, he said. usinessweek. com/magazine/content/01_23/b3735139. htm, June 2001 http://knowledge. wharton. upenn. edu/papers/download/Japan_SpecialReport. pdf online-auction-advisor. com/ebay-japan. html, 2006 http://seekingalpha. com/article/27041-ebay-s-tom-online-deal-timely-lessons-for-global-online-company-managers, February 2007 http://seekingalpha. com/article/19322-ebay-faces-a-tough-road-in-china, October 2006 icmrindia. org/business%20Updates/micro%20casestudies/Business%20Strategy/MCBS0010. htm, 2007 networkworld. com/news/2006/122106-worldbeat-bo-knew-chinese-auctio

Conjugating Chasser in French

Conjugating Chasser in French When you want to say to hunt or to chase in French, use the verb  chasser. This is pretty straightforward because it looks and sounds a lot like the English chase. You will find that conjugating  chasser  is relatively easy as well. Conjugating the French Verb  Chasser Chasser  is a  regular -ER verb  and that means we can use the most common verb conjugation pattern. If you learn how to transform this word to the appropriate tense, it makes similar words like  cesser  (to stop) and  brà »ler  (to burn)  a little easier to learn. Conjugating is as simple as recognizing the stem in this case,  chass   and adding the appropriate ending. For the  je  (I) present tense, its as simple as an -e  and for the future  je, it will be -erai. Unlike English, French requires you to match the subject pronoun with the tense. In English, hunting applies no matter if youre talking about I, you, or we, but in French, each subject requires a different ending. The chart will help you learn these forms: I hunt is je chasse and we will hunt is nous chasserons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je chasse chasserai chassais tu chasses chasseras chassais il chasse chassera chassait nous chassons chasserons chassions vous chassez chasserez chassiez ils chassent chasseront chassaient The Present Participle of  Chasser Using the stem of  chasser, add the ending -ant  and you have the  present participle  chassant. This is a verb  but can be used as an adjective, gerund, or noun as well. The Passà © Composà © and Past Participle A  common way to express the past tense in French is the  passà © composà ©. To use this, conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to match the subject, then add the  past participle  chassà ©. For example, I chased is jai chassà © and we hunted is nous avons chassà ©. More  Chasser  Conjugations to Know In less frequent instances, you may find a use for the following conjugations. The subjunctive and conditional are used when there is uncertainty to the verb and these are used quite often. In contrast, the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are rare and found primarily in literature. In the least, you should be able to recognize each of these. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je chasse chasserais chassai chassasse tu chasses chasserais chassas chassasses il chasse chasserait chassa chassà ¢t nous chassions chasserions chassà ¢mes chassassions vous chassiez chasseriez chassà ¢tes chassassiez ils chassent chasseraient chassà ¨rent chassassent To use  chasser  in an exclamation and quickly request or demand something be hunted, use the imperative. When doing so, its perfectly acceptable to skip the subject pronoun and say only the verb: chasse rather than  tu chasse. Imperative (tu) chasse (nous) chassons (vous) chassez

Convergent Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Convergent Journalism - Essay Example The word convergence is used to provide meaning to the user but these individual definitions may not be according to the minds of readers. Convergence journalism is concerned with merging the print media, photojournalism, podcasting, video and broadcast. It also is concerned with the links between the internet and other media such as DVDs. All these media are converted to a dynamic media entity in which all team members understand and participate in the entire process during which they prepare information to distribute to the readers and viewers (Anderson, 2005). Technology has helped to facilitate the creation of faster and more capable computers, digital camcorders and cameras. Devices like CDs and DVDs have all become involved in the process of spreading information. News travels very fast as it can be received by many devices like television, radio, newspapers, websites, cell phones and iPods. Another important achievement is that social networking sites like MySpace and Facebook have become popular among all age groups. This allows members to access their own pages to find out all kinds of information. Convergence journalism is also concerned with online journaling or blogging which allows people to express their views. There are blogs of every type which can cover diverse fields like education, politics, news, opinions, recreation and sports. Blogs can be accessed by devices like computers, cell phones, and iPods. People are spending more time online as major shopping sites, networking sites, blogging sites and message boards offer a variety of diverse information to the people. Television news teams are now creating news packages to be shown on the web and on networks and stations. The web packages include articles and other items found in newspapers. The web has also facilitated the use of interactive features which can provide a user friendly environment to the users. There are forums and blogs which can provide valuable information about the public's rating of major programs and news. Television news teams have also began to create new content on the web to attract young read ers by providing interactive features like polls, blogs and forums (McNair, 2006). Streaming video and audio broadcasts are also offered for web viewers. Local areas have been collaborating with these news channels as they provide up to date information on the web. Newspaper and television news teams now collaborate with each other as they try to present the news according to the environment. Some newspapers have moved their operations to the internet while others are partly keeping their home delivery. Some newspapers are offering home deliveries only on weekends because of the rising prices as they cannot meet their costs (Allan, 2006). Another form of convergence journalism is citizen journalism in which freelance citizens are allowed to become part of newspaper publications. They provide information and access to content which online publications would have difficulty finding. The advent of digital photography has helped to discard the use of darkroom equipment

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 52

Marketing - Essay Example First and foremost, SWOT analysis helps to evaluate the internal and external environment of the program where it will implement. This will help the health care institution or program to determine the amount of material needed for the installation of the program (Wijngaarden, Scholten, & Wijk, 2007). It will help evaluate possible strength, weakness, opportunities and threats to the new service or new health care program. Considering the case of Coventry Health Care Company that implemented SWOT analysis for its planning and initiation of service, it was clearly noted that the company had to change its implementation plan because they evaluated that their infrastructure can undergo a lot of threats. The only way that helped Coventry health care company understand the threats was the usage of SWOT analysis before their entry in the market (Wijngaarden, Scholten, & Wijk, 2007). Thus, it can be said that SWOT analysis is a very effective marketing took that can be applied carefully to determine possible threats or strengths for the new service in the market. Usage of SWOT analysis is highly recommended in health care industry. Wijngaarden, J., Scholten, G., & Wijk, K. (2007). Strategic analysis for health care organizations: the suitability of the SWOT-analysis. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 27(1),

Nursing Expertise Self-Report Scale Essay Example for Free

Nursing Expertise Self-Report Scale Essay I think that it is important to understand where you are in your nursing practice. After completing the Nursing Expertise Self-Report Scale, I realize that I still have a lot more experience to gain as a nurse. I believe that nurses must be life-long learners to stay current in the ever-changing field of healthcare. I have only been a nurse for two years. Before beginning the test, I thought that with my few years of experience, I would be a novice nurse. However, I am a competent nurse. According to Arnold and Boggs (2011) the competent nurse â€Å"views the clinical picture from a broader perspective and is more confident about his or her role in health care† (p. 127). I have been organized and able to manage my time successfully. I feel that I can consciously make decisions without direct supervision. I can assess the patient and look at all the variables before proceeding with care. I can think more long term now than I did in the beginning. I feel that in order to improve my communication skills in the healthcare setting, I have to continue to think more long-term. I need to stop being so task-oriented and start looking at the patient as a whole. Instead of doing something just because it’s ordered, I need to be diligent and make sure it is appropriate for my patient’s specific condition. I realize how important it is to be able to communicate with the physicians. We are with the patients much more than they are, and we are their eyes and ears. I feel that it is also vital to have good communication with the patients and their families. They depend on us to be honest in all that we do. When the patient trusts us, they will be more open with us. My facility does bedside shift report. I think this is important because it gives the oncoming nurse the chance to understand what the patient is going to need for the next 12 hours. It also gives the patient the opportunity to become involved in their care. As nurses, we are always communicating so it is  important to make sure that we do it correctly and efficiently. References Arnold, E., Boggs, K. U. (2011). Interpersonal Relationships: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses (6th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Investiture Controversy Essay -- Church, Pope Gregory VII

The ruler Otto controlled the church during his reign by making bishops and abbots royal princes and agents to him (425). The revival of the church however, began as the German empire weakened in the eleventh century (425). During this time, the Church declared its independence from the governments’ control by embracing a reform movement, The Cluny Reform Movement (425). The reform established at the Cluny monastary in France, aimed at â€Å"freeing the church from secular political influence and control† (425). The reformers were supported in their efforts by popular respect for the church as people admired clerics and monks (425). During this time, any man had the opportunity to become Pope; the Pope was supposed to be elected by the people and clergy of Rome (425). The church also promised a better life to peoples whose current was relatively harsh (425). The reformers condemned the state’s contemporary mixing of religions and secular institutions as well as t he clergy’s subservience to royal authority (425). They taught that the Pope alone commanded the clergy and they demanded separa...

Spices

Spices can be defined as aromatic or acrid plant substances used to provide flavor, color and aroma to food (Mohamed, 2014). These spices are characterized by being rich in antioxidants and have some medicinal properties (Jeswal and Kumar, 2015; Kong et al., 2014). Spices are widely used throughout the world for many purposes, of which their used in food preparation and processing (Hashem and Alamri, 2010). Many of them are used as traditional medicines in many cases such as infections, wounds, sprains and nausea and some spices help to improve glucose of plasma by improving insulin sensitivity (Mohamed, 2014). Because of its medicinal properties, spices are used for pharmaceutical industries as raw materials (Toma and Abdullah, 2013).In addition, essential oils of spices or spices themselves have preservative action (Nielsen and Rios, 2000). Antimicrobial properties of some spices inhibit the fungal growth as reported for turmeric and sumac (Jeswal and Kumar, 2015; Toma and Abdullah, 2013), while essential oils and oleoresins of some spices shown to be high effectively against microbial growth. Essential oil of mustard is one of these oils, which includes the active component allyl isothiocyanate (AITC). Other spices such as cinnamon, garlic and clove considered as potential inhibitors (Nielsen and Rios, 2000). while other spices such as red chili and dry ginger considered as liable substance for growth of many fungi (Jeswal and Kumar, 2013). Although red chili is in the second rank as the largest used spice worldwide after black pepper, contamination of red chili samples by AFs and OTA were repeatedly reported by many studies and Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and A. fumigates are the fungi contaminants that are repeatedly detected in the flake or powder samples of red chili. In ginger derivatives and samples, the mycotoxins that have been detected are AFs and OTA. Contamination of spices can be occurred in the field, when the spices undergo drying process or during storage (Kabak and Dobson, 2017).

Individual Assignment Essay

Financial Concepts Guillermo Navallez is challenged with a market changes that have occurred over the past couple of years. With the economic environment created by the new competition and increase in labor costs, he will need to apply principles of finance to determine the best course of action to allow his furniture store to survive. After review and thoughtful consideration Guillermo decided to use the following to determine the best course of action: The Principle of Self-Interest Behavior, the Signaling Principle, and The Principle of Comparative Advantage. Using the behavioral based principles, economics and psychology can be integrated to help in the decision making process. Likewise, expertise can be the basis for choices made. The Principle of Self-Interested Behavior People generally, act in their own financial self-interest. The Principle of Self-Interested Behavior states that when all things are equal, parties involved will gravitate to the action that is most financially advantageous. A key concept with this principle is the idea of opportunity costs, or the difference between the value of one action and the value of best alternative (Emery, Finnerty, & Stowe, 2007). To maximize potential profits, Guillermo will want to review carefully the different options available. The development and review of anticipate financial results will help identify from a purely financial perspective. The Principle of Self-Interested Behavior would help Guillermo with his end decision, if his financial interest was the most important component. When considering his concern the effect that the decision will have on his family life, this principle will likely not be the guiding force in the decision he makes. The Signaling Principle The Signaling Principle is an extension of the Principle of Self-Interested Behavior (Emery, Finnerty, & Stowe, 2007). Decisions of one party in a financial market will provide signals to others. The old adage â€Å"actions speak louder than words† is a clear explanation of this principle (Garger, 2011). The actions of the competitors can play an important role in the decision making process. Guillermo understands that how others are handling the changes in the market can help him with his decision. He learns that many of his competitors are consolidating in to large organizations. The path taken by the others in the industry were not attractive to him. Guillermo saw that additional management reasonability and the forced retirements were not fitting to his lifestyle or personal financial expectations. The Signaling Principle would be a good practice for the foreign competition as they would benefit by understanding how others capitalized on the situation of the individual furniture makers left in the market. The Principle of Comparative Advantage Much like the very idea that the United States’ economic system is based, the Principle of Comparative Advantage stated that if people do what they do best, the most qualified people will be completing that type of work. One can pay another to do what they do best and vice versa. Foreign trade is based on this same idea. Some countries can produce goods more economically than others. By producing these goods and trading them with countries that can efficiently produce another needed good, everybody benefits (Emery, Finnerty, & Stowe, 2007). Through his research, Guillermo found a company that was still operating in exclusively in Norway, but was looking to distribute in the North America. Guillermo had connections with distributors and expert knowledge as to the furniture being sought after. By becoming a representative for the Norwegian company, he would work with the network he had developed to distribute their products. His company focus would change from primarily manufacturing to distribution. The Norwegian company would pay him for work he was extremely qualified to do, and they would make a majority of the furniture that would be sold. Both Guillermo and the furniture maker would win under of the Principle of Comparative Advantage. Conclusion Principles of finance can be very beneficial in making business decisions. They can deal with the competition in the economic environment, creating value and economic efficiency, and financial transactions.

The Ultimate Job Search Guide for Millennials

The Ultimate Job Search Guide for Millennials If you’re a millennial, then you’re probably used to reading all sorts of articles, tweets, etc. telling you all about how millennials roll, especially when it comes to jobs. Millennials are job hoppers. Millennials are casual in the workplace. Millennials are obsessed with social networking. These broad-brush statements try to provide a broader cultural context for the generation, but they aren’t necessarily helpful if you happen to be a millennial, and are looking for career guidance. That’s why we’ve put together this handy guide, walking you through the job hunt from start to finish. Step 1: Figure Out What You WantMaybe you’re just finishing up with school. Maybe you’ve been coasting in an entry-level job for a while, or bouncing around in short-term jobs that don’t really scream â€Å"long term career options.† Whatever the case may be, it’s never too late to figure out what you really want to do with your li fe, and start building toward that goal.â€Å"Do what you love† is an ever-popular piece of advice. It’s also not a hard-and-fast rule. Sure, the concept of getting paid to do something you’d do for free is the ideal for most working people. It’s also not very realistic in a lot of cases. What you love to do may not pay well, or may not be feasible long-term. What’s most important to consider in setting your career goals is what you can do well, and how you can turn that into a career, not just a job. For example, being an accountant may not be the most glamorous career path, but if you’re a math whiz and can see yourself conquering various levels in the field, then it’s a solid choice. (You can still pursue your passion for interpretive dance in your free time, or turn your dog stylist business into a side hustle.) Thinking now about what your short- medium-, and long-range goals is a great first step because it helps you really focu s your time and energy during your job hunt.Step 2: Build Your ResumeOnce you’ve got your next steps figure out (or have at least identified where you want to target your job search), it’s time to start building your applicant package. The foundation of this will always be your resume. Resume trends and fads will always come and go (I’m pretty sure we all thought we’d have video resumes by now), but you can never go wrong with the classic: an organized, efficiently worded one-sheeter that gives a snapshot of what you’ve achieved, and what you’re seeking to do next.You’ve probably created a resume before and have a Word doc kicking around already, so what comes next might be a little painful. Scrap it. Create a brand-spanking-new one- one that doesn’t just reheat an older version of yourself and your career, with cut-and-paste updates. Take the opportunity to really think about every word you’re putting in your resume.Tip s for creating your resume masterpiece:Pick a format.Write a headline or an objective statement.Use strong action words to describe your experience.Outsmart the robots.Don’t forget: You can create a general, foundational resume that has the most up-to-date information about yourself, but it’s also important to customize your resume for each individual job for which you’re applying. You don’t have to create a new resume from scratch for each job opening, but you can customize fields like the headline, some bullet points, and skills to match the job description or the target company.Step 3: Build Your BrandNow more than ever, your brand is a factor in your job search. Your career brand (or your professional story, condensed into an easily pitch-able sentence or two) goes beyond your resume, and now extends to your online presence as well. To build your brand, it’s important to consider what information about you is out there in the public sphere, and how that might be perceived by potential employers. That means taking a close look at all of your social media profiles, making personal accounts private, creating new ones that have a professional shine, and showcasing your work.A personal website is a great way to accomplish this, as is building a robust LinkedIn profile. These avenues are great for giving a recruiter or potential employer more information than you can cram into your resume- showing rather than telling. As with anything in your job hunt, it’s crucial to keep your brand (and any public-facing websites, social media, etc.) friendly, professional, and updated as often as possible.Step 4: Build Your NetworkThis can go hand in hand with the brand-building, because it’s all about forging connections in your professional community. Your network (whether it’s people you know in person or digitally) can be one of your biggest assets in the job search. This doesn’t mean simply collecting names o n LinkedIn like those fishbowls full of business cards you see at restaurants. Meaningful connections are the ones that will benefit you the most, either by what you can learn, or what opportunities may come your way. Interaction is key- whether that’s responding to a blog post, retweeting, or emailing to say â€Å"Hey, I thought you had a really interesting point on X.† And for the professional contacts that you know IRL, keep those bonds alive by having a coffee once in a while to catch up. Even a holiday card once a year can go a long way.Keeping your network fresh is a way to bolster your job search. You never know when someone who knows someone might have the right job opening, or can put in a good word for you. And even if you don’t get a perfect job opportunity handed to you via LinkedIn, you can still learn more about how your industry works, and what it takes to move onward and upward in it.Step 5: Upgrade Your Interview SkillsMillennials sometimes get a bad rap (fair or not) for always having noses buried in devices, texting over calling, and generally being digital-savvy over communication-savvy. This means that strong interview skills are essential. Like the resume, the interview is a part of the job hunt that doesn’t change much over time. The same sets of skills will likely determine your success (or failure) as they did for your parents before you.Interviews can be a minefield for everyone, so it’s important to be prepared.Tips for your interview prep:Have a go-to interview outfit that’s spotless and professional.Work on your handshake, eye contact, and posture.Have your talking points ready to go.Be prepared for all sorts of questions.Ask good questions.The more prep and practicing you do before an interview, the more at ease you’ll feel on the day itself.Step 6: Become a Follow-Up NinjaAfter you’ve had an interview (or two) you just sit back and wait for the email to roll in, right? Nope. Don’t forget the crucial step of following up an interview (of any kind) with a thank you note to everyone who met with you. Prompt, same-day follow-up shows that you have great manners, and are engaged and enthusiastic about the process. Even if you had a terrible interview or didn’t get the job, these thank yous can help you stay on the radar for future opportunities.Tips for writing an ace thank you note:Get contact info at your interview. If you didn’t get business cards or catch someone’s email address, it’s okay to ask the main point person (recruiter, HR manager, hiring manager) for Barbara’s email address so you can thank her for her time.Make it short, but sweet. Include the highlights of your interview (skills you want to emphasize, any interesting discussion you had), but only briefly. They already have your resume.Proofread the heck out of it. This could be your last chance to make an impression before the hiring decision is mad e, so you want to make sure there aren’t any glaring typos or name mistakes in your note.Send it the same day. If the idea of sending your note from the lobby right after your interview sounds like a bit much, do it after you get home. But timeliness is the key, and that way it’s off your mind.Step 7: Be PatientIn everyday life we get so much instant feedback that we often get frustrated when some things lag- like job offers or news about next steps. When looking for your next job, don’t get frustrated too quickly. You’re playing the long game here. And if you’ve done the best you can in setting yourself up for the job opportunity, things will come together for you.

Idioms and Expressions for the Verb Talk

Idioms and Expressions for the Verb Talk Talk is a common verb in English which can also be used as a noun. Talk is also used in a wide variety of idiomatic expressions. Listed below you will find an idiom or expression with talk with a definition and two example sentences to help to understand through context. Big Talk Definition: (noun) exaggerated claims Hes full of big talk, but he rarely does what he claims. Is that just big talk, or do you think its actually true? Give Someone a Talking to Definition: (verbal phrase) speak strongly to someone, berate someone She gave her daughter a talking to after she got home after midnight. Come in this room! You need a talking to! Heart-to-heart Talk Definition: (noun) serious discussion Jane and I had a great heart-to-heart talk last weekend. Now I understand her. Have you had a heart-to-heart talk with your wife yet? Jive Talk Definition: (noun) something stated that is obviously not true Come on Tim! Thats just jive talk. Stop the jive talk and tell me something interesting. Money Talks Definition: (idiomatic phrase) the most important thing is money Dont forget that money talks, so everything else doesnt matter. In the end money talks so your business needs to be profitable as soon as possible. Pep Talk Definition: (noun) a short discussion intended to motivate someone The coach gave the players a pep talk during halftime. My wife gave me a pep talk to help me with my job interview. Straight Talk Definition: (noun) a discussion that is completely honest, often discussing difficult issues Tom gave me straight talk at the meeting which I appreciated greatly. Id like to hear some straight talk on the investment opportunities. Talk a Blue Streak Definition: (verbal phrase) speak quickly and at length Maria talked a blue streak at the party. It was hard to say anything. Be careful when speaking with Tom, he talks a blue streak. Talk Big Definition: (verb) make large claims and boasts Take everything he says with a grain of salt. He talks big. Youre talking big today. Could you please be a bit more realistic? Talking Head Definition: (noun) expert on television The talking heads feel the economy is going to improve. They hired a talking head to represent them on TV talk shows. Talk Like Nut Definition: (verbal phrase) say things that make little sense Dont talk like a nut! Thats crazy. Shes talking like a nut. Dont believe a word she says. Talk On the Big White Phone Definition: (verbal phrase) to vomit into the toilet Doug drank too much so hes talking on the big white phone. Shes in the bathroom talking on the big white phone. Talk Through Ones Hat Definition: (verbal phrase) speak carelessly and tell lies Hes talking through his hat. Dont believe a word he says. Unfortunately, Jane often talks through her hat, so you cant believe anything. Talk to Hear Ones Own Voice Definition: (verb phrase) speak in order to hear oneself, find joy in speaking too much Henry talks to hear his own voice. It gets boring after a while. He lost a few of his friends because he talks to hear his own voice. Talk Turkey Definition: (verbal phrase) talk serious business, talk frankly Its time to talk turkey about the business. Peter, we need to talk turkey. Talk Until You Are Blue In the Face Definition: (verbal phrase) speak at length without influencing others Theres no need to try to convince her. Youll just talk until you are blue in the face. I talked until I was blue in the face, but it didnt help.

GEMOLOGY AND MATERIALS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GEMOLOGY AND MATERIALS - Essay Example The crystals were of high quality and displayed dramatic color changes and vivid hues. The mineral also caught people’s attention as it reflected the imperial Russian flag. It became a national stone and was thought to have mystical powers. The Ural mountain deposits, however, did not last long and was later sourced from countries such as Brazil, Sri Lanka, and East Africa. Russia, however, remains as the primary source of the Gemstone (Schreiber, 2003). As stated above, Alexandrite is sourced from several regions apart from Russia. The Ural deposits were thought to be no more in 1980 and interests in the Gemstone decreased gradually. The situation, however, changed in 1987 when its deposits were found in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Brazilian Alexandrite also showed distinctive color changes. The Gemstone is also sourced from Sri Lanka, but its hues are not of high quality. Since 1990, Tunduru area in Tanzania has also been a source of outstanding Alexandrite Gemstones. Other sources include areas in Zimbabwe, Burma, India, and Madagascar (Schreiber, 2003). Although all Alexandrite Gemstone is elegant, its value lies on its ability to change color. Just like other colored stones, its value is also tied to it color’s degree of saturation and clarity. A stone with modest color changes having attractive and saturated colors is valuable than one who’s colors are browned or grayed and less dramatic. Alexandrite’s low availability, supply, and rarity are all indications of its high value. There are no established price tags for the gemstones because their availability is limited and are hardly found in stores. Starting with India, about 160 locations have been identified and mapped as Alexandrite Gem producing areas. Areas near the Araku Valley, for example, are very rich reserves of Alexandrite. Lack of funding, control by tribesmen and sanctions from the government have hindered mining activities and

Business Plan for Kidwatchers Daycare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Plan for Kidwatchers Daycare - Essay Example The educational experience in the thirteen staff members complemented with two qualified nurses is expected to deliver the needed intense care to the children. The motive intended to be presented seeks a target of children under the age of 6 years with minimum 4 years, and the attention advanced with registration of a maximum 20 children. The legislation is also expected to help establish a stable society through the necessity of the legal documents on legislation. The budget needed to construct the facility will be directed towards installing safety precautions that are approved by government policies to pass the safety test. Furthermore, the administration expects to drive confidence from the Short Hill community through the administration of affordable registration charges to deliver the goal that seeks to deliver quality services at an affordable fee. Mission The leading mission of the daycare facility will be to generate an effective and efficient environment to develop the inte llectual skills of the delicate members of the community. Kidwatchers expects to achieve this through engaging children in activities that drive fun and involvement without driving the difficulty in task completion. The majority of the focus would be issued in driving fun and a lasting impression of the kids mind and fulfilling the goal of entertainment provision in the facility. These are to be achieved though games, art classes, music lessons and tours of the famous spots in the community. Kidwatchers also offers basic recreational activities through children channels and involvement of parent-children sessions to increase bonding (Greene 78). Objective Gain popularity in Short Hill region after six months of establishment Create creative children as they are prepared for preschool education Expand the facility to occupy more children admission by the end of the first year Maintain the regulation of the financial returns to increase funding to the facility Industrial Analysis The education industry in Short Hills has embraced the advanced trend in the educational sector through observing technological advances. The Short Hill association has offered the need to incorporate computers and other learning aids within the process, although the emphasis is accorded to the traditional teaching measures in including teachers in the learning organization. The industry is composed of all public and private schools that strive towards delivering quality education to their students. The common factor incorporated in the kindergartens in the region includes offering, affordable quality, education for the vulnerable groups within the Short Hill community. The other alternative offered to supplement daycare education has been the increased in qualified nurses that deliver the needed care for children in the community. The other established competitors have gained funding from investors who seek to generate preference and popularity in New Jersey. Legal Structure The Depart ment of Children and Families (DCF) has been charged with the regulation of the daycare facilities and areas that are tasked with the responsibility of managing children affairs within New Jersey (DHS). The organization inspects the activities of a licensed facility to ensure the safety precautions are implemented in the required provision. The system dictates the provision of the licensing program that is offered to the most qualified institution to

Geography And The Study Of The Environment But Mainly The Scientific Essay - 1

Geography And The Study Of The Environment But Mainly The Scientific Revolution - Essay Example Geography And The Study Of The Environment But Mainly The Scientific Revolution Geography is the branch of science that uses the same elements as the other sciences but in a different way. It uses data by elaborating maps as its tool.. The methodical approach organizes geographical knowledge into different divisions. Study of Geography is as old as human history. It was systematically studied by the ancient Greeks, who also developed a philosophy of geography. Many Greek philosopher made great contribution to the foundation of Geography. The most prominent of them were Thales, Eratosthenes, Aristotle, Strabo, and Ptolemy. The Romans also made contributions to geography by mapping of previously unknown lands. The Arabs also bequeathed in the progress of Geography during the Middle Ages. As stated in beginning intellectual curiosity is the essence of human nature that led to all the achievements mankind. Human beings were involved in pondering over nature since prehistoric period. The real initial recorded achievements were of Greeks. Thales was the first recorded Greek philosopher. He was first person whose mythology was used to explain the nature of the physical world. He introduced geometry and was a prominent astronomer of those days. He was the first man who started the real process of pondering and predicting. Although chronologically mentioning Raphael Sanzio is not correct but it will give us a continuation. Raphael Sanzio, was the great painter and philosopher with whose name Raphaels ‘s School of Athens is famous.

Source Of Errors In Language Learning Research English Language Essay

Source Of Errors In Language Learning Research English Language Essay Introduction Errors are integral part of language acquisition. The phenomenon of error has long interested SLA researchers. In a traditional second language teaching situation, they are regarded as the linguistic phenomena deviant from the language rules and standard usages, reflecting learners deficiency in language competence and acquisition device. Many teachers simply correct individual errors as they occur, with little attempt to see patterns of errors or to seek causes in anything other than learner ignorance. Presently, however, with the development of linguistics, applied linguists, psychology and other relevant subjects, peoples attitude toward errors changed greatly. Instead of being problem to be overcome or evils to be eradicated, errors are believed to be evidence of the learners stages in their target language (TL) development. It is through analyzing learner errors that errors are elevated from the statue of undesirability to that of a guide to the inner working of the language lea rning process (Ellis, 1985,p 53) In the field of SLA, there have been three influential approaches to errors with a general movement from approaches emphasizing the product, the error itself, to approaches focusing on the underlying process under which the errors are made. The analysis of error sources has been regarded as a central aspect in the study of learner errors. Researchers believe that the clearer the understanding of the sources of learners errors, the better second language teachers will be able to detect the process of L2 learning. Error Making errors is the most natural thing in the world and it is evidently attached to the human beings. But, how do we define error? There are different definitions of the word as Ellis explains learners make errors in both comprehension and production, the first being rather scantly investigated. All learners make errors which have a different name according to the group committing the error. Childrens errors have been seen as transitional forms, the native speakers ones are called slips of the tongue and the second language errors are considered unwanted forms (George 1972). We use the term error to refer to a systematic deviation from a selected norm or set of norms. According to Lennon (1991) an error is a linguistic form or combination of forms which in the same context and under similar conditions of production would, in all likelihood, not be produced by the speakers native speakers counterparts. On one hand, it was considered to be a sign of inadequacy of the teaching techniques, something negative which must be avoided, and on the other hand it was seen as a natural result of the fact that since by nature we cant avoid making errors, we should accept the reality and try to deal with them. The error-as-progress conception is based on the Chomskys idea that a child generates language through innate universal structures. So, using this symbolic code, one can have access to different pieces of knowledge not as something mechanically learned but as mentally constructed through try and error. The idea is now that the second language learners form hypotheses about the rules to be formed in the target language and then test them out against input data and modify them accordingly. There is an approach which concerns error as being the result of social-cognitive interaction. This means that the error implicitly carries a social norm as well as cognitive process. The error also carries a social and cultural component which makes it different in different societies. Cultural differences in the error Previous research has shown that cultural differences exist in the susceptibility of making fundamental attribution error: people from individualistic cultures are prone to the error while people from collectivistic cultures commit less of it (Miller, 1984). It has been found that there is a differential attention to social factors between independent peoples and interdependent peoples in both social and nonsocial contexts: Masuda and his colleagues (2004) in their cartoon figure presentation experiment showed that Japaneses judgments on the target characters facial expression are more influenced by surrounding faces than those of the Americans; whereas Masuda and Nisbett (2001) concluded from their underwater scenes animated cartoon experiment that Americans are also more likely than Japanese participants to mark references to focal objects (i.e. fish) instead of contexts (i.e. rocks and plants). These discrepancies in the salience of different factors to people from different cultu res suggest that Asians tend to attribute behavior to situation while Westerners attribute the same behavior to the actor. Consistently, Morris Peng (1994) found from their fish behavior attribution experiment that more American than Chinese participants perceive the behavior (e.g. an individual fish swimming in front of a group of fish) as internally rather than externally caused. One explanation for this difference in attribution lies in the way people of different cultural orientation perceive themselves in the environment. Particularly, Markus and Kitayama (1991) mentioned how (individualistic) Westerners tend to see themselves as independent agents and therefore prone themselves to individual objects rather than contextual details. in the second language teaching/ learning process the error has always been regarded as one of the most generally known approaches concerning the error throughout human history is to consider it a negative effect or result, even worth to be punished. According to Corder (1967): A learners errors then, provide evidence of the system of the language that he is using. They are significant in three different ways: first to the teacher, in that they tell him is he undertakes a systematic analysis, how far towards the goal the learner has progressed. Second, they provide the researchers with evidence of how language is learned or acquired. Third they are indispensible to the learner himself because he can regard the making of errors as a device used in order to learn. The sources of error might be psycholinguistic, sociolinguistic, epistemic or residing in the discourse structures. Richards(1971),when trying to identify the causes of competence errors he came up with three types of errors: interference errors, which reflect the use of elements from one language to the other, intralingual errors, subdivided into errors due to overgeneralization, or to ignorance of rules restriction, which is incomplete application of the rules, or finally due to the false concept hypothesis, which demonstrate the general characteristics of rule learning and third developmental errors when the learner builds hypothesis about the target language based on limited experience. Assuming a term hierarchy of errors, Burt and Kiparasky (1974) suggest that there is a difference between global and local errors. They say: Global mistakes are those that violate rules involving the overall structure of a sentence, the relations among constituent clauses, or, in a simple sentence, the relations among major constituents. Local mistakes cause trouble in a particular constituent, or in clause of a complex sentence. They claim that global errors are more serious and rank higher in the error hierarchy than local ones, and they should be corrected prior to all others in language classrooms. Accordingly, errors in tense and aspect are regarded as local errors. They may be minor errors, for they may not cause grave breakdowns in communication. However, they are extremely common mistakes among second language learners of English and very much worth investigating since tense and aspect represent one of the most essential parts of English grammar. Corder (1967) goes a step further to propose different terminologies for these two kinds of errors and stresses that we must make a clear distinction between mistakes and errors; the former refers to non-systematic performance errors of chance circumstances, whereas the latter can be defined as the systematic errors of the learner from which we are able to reconstruct his knowledge of the language to date. In the following discussion, the analysis focuses on competence errors: There are two major approaches to analyzing errors committed by a target language learner. Contrastive Analysis (CA), Error Analysis (EA). Theoretical base of CA lies in Behaviorist Learning Theory; while the EA is closely related with the emergence of Interlanguage Theory (Ellis, 2005) Behaviorist learning theory accounts of errors: The behaviorist learning theory illustrates the TL learning is a mechanical process of habit formation. Habits entail over-learning, which ensures that learning of new habits as a result of proactive inhibition. Thus, the challenge facing the L2 learner is to overcome the interference of L1 habits. Basing on the habit formation, contrastive analysis sought to identify the features of the L2 that differed from those of the L1 so that learners could be helped to form the new habits of the L2 by practicing them intensively. Most errors made by L2 learners were the result of differences between L1 and L2 structure. (Martin 1996) Interference, the CA insists, is the result of unfamiliarity with the rules of a TL and psychological causes, such as inadequate learning (Swan, 2001). Transfer can be positive or negative: linguistic features of the L1 that are similar to those of the TL will facilitate learning (positive transfer); those aspects of the L1 that are different to the TL grammatical and phonological system will hinder SLA and cause the learner to make numerous production errors(negative transfer). Thus difference between the L1 and L2 create learning difficulty which results in errors, while the similarities between them facilitate rapid and easy learning (Ellis, 1985 cited Corder). According to behaviorist learning theory, both types of transfer are the outcome of automatic and subconscious use of old habits in new learning situations (Dulay, Burt Krashen) Rod Ellis (1985) assesses, errors, according to the theory, were the result of non-learning, rather than wrong learning. By comparing the L1 with TL, differences could be identified and used to predict areas of potential errors. The idea of the error as an effect to be avoided has been especially supported by behaviorism, being considered an obstacle to language learning. To them error has been a symptom of ineffective teaching or as evidence of failure and they believed that when they occur they are to be remedied by provision of correct forms; that is to say, use of intensive drilling and over-teaching. It was also believed that interference takes place whenever there is a difference between native mother tongue and the target language. A hypothesis based on Lados suggestion in linguistic across cultures where he states in comparison between native and foreign language lies the key to ease all difficulties in foreign language learning (Lado, 1957) 2. Interlanguage (IL) theory accounts of errors (i) Selinker (1972) coined the term interlanguage to refer to the systematic knowledge of an L2 which is independent of both these learners L1 and the target language. The term has come to be used with different but related meanings: To refer to the series of interlocking systems which characterize acquisition To refer to the system that is observed at a single stage of development To refer to particular L1, L2 combinations. Other terms that refer to the same basic idea are approximate system and transitional competence. (ii) Interlanguage is the type of language produced by second and foreign language learners who are in the process of learning a language, whose errors are caused by several different processes. These include: Borrowing patterns from the mother tongue. Extending patterns from the target language Expressing meanings using the words and grammar which are already known from Richards, Jack et al (1992). (iii)Interlanguage refers to the separateness of a second language learners system, a system that has a structurally intermediate status between the native and target language. Interlanguage is neither the system of target language nor the system of the native language, but instead falls between the two; it is a system based upon the best attempt of learners to provide order and structure to the linguistic stimuli surrounding them. By gradual process of trial and error and hypothesis testing, learners slowly and tediously succeed in establishing closer and closer approximations to the system used by native speakers of the language. (iv)Rod Ellis (2005, 54) views Error Analysis as being based on emergence of IL theory, that is known to be used to explain effectively the errors committed in SLA processes. Slinker (1972) tried to find a way to explain the errors that some students make, have nothing to do with their foreign language; for example a Spanish speaker, an Arabic speaker and a Japanese speaker might all make the same mistake in English which was not related to their respective languages. According to Slinker, L2 learners go through a process of making and testing hypotheses about the target language. They begin with knowledge about language in general, gained from their native language, and move toward the target language. Bit by bit, they readjust their mental model of the new language, improving their communicative competency in that language. Successful hypotheses become mental constructions that correspond to the rules of the new language. Brown(1993) viewed ,truly successful students make the journ ey to a high level of competency in the target language, while less successful students become fossilized somewhere along the IL continuum. For around 35 years Selinker has viewed learners errors as evidence of positive efforts by the learner to learn a new language. This view of language learning allowed for the possibilities of learners making deliberate attempts to control their own learning and, along with theories of cognitive processes in language learning. Errors are indispensable to learners since the making of errors can be regarded as a device the learner uses in order to learn. A modern definition of language transfer is provided by Slinker (1992): language transfer is best thought of as a cover term for a whole class of behaviors, processes and constraints, each of which has to do with CLI (Cross Linguistic Influence), the influence and use of prior linguistic knowledge, usually but exclusively native language knowledge. Selinker (1992) pointed two highly significant con tributions that Corder made: that the errors of a learner, whether adult or child, are not random, but are in fact systematic and are not negative or interfering in any way with learning a TL but are, on the contrary, a necessary positive factor, indicative of testing hypothesis. In 1994 Gass and Slinker defined errors as red flags that provide evidence of the learners knowledge of the second language. The learners developing knowledge of second language may have characteristics of the learners native language, characteristics of the second language, and some characteristics which seem to be very general and tend to occur in all or most interlanguage systems. Interlanguages are systematic, but they are also dynamic, continually evolving as learners receive more input and revise their hypotheses about the second language.L2 learners process through an interlanguage, which is an independent knowledge of L1 and L2 system. Interlanguage Is systematic, because the learner selects the rul es systematically, learners bases plans on the rule system, in the same way as the native speaker bases on the internalized knowledge of L1 system. (iv)One of the crucial contributions of IL was its underlying assumption that the learners knowledge is integrated and systematically reorganized with previous knowledge of the native language. By a gradual process of trial-and-error or hypothesis testing, learners slowly and tediously succeed in establishing closer approximations to the system used by the native speaker of the language. The characteristics of IL are described by many researchers as follows: Permeable, in the sense that rules that constitute the learners knowledge at any one stage are not fixed, but are open to amendment(Ellis1985:50) Dynamic, in the sense that L2 learner slowly revises their variable interim systems to accommodate new hypothesis about the TL system. Systematic, in that L2 learners IL is rule-governed, that is, the learner bases his performance plans on his existing rule system much the same way as the native speaker bases his plans on his internalized knowledge of the L1 system. The variable shape of interlanguage The concept of interlanguage has had a major impact on the field of second language acquisition, studies on interlanguage focus on the linguistic and psychological aspects of second language acquisition research. I will first outline how the interlanguage assumption developed .since the interlanguage concept is not only important for the development of the students grammar system; I will then explore how it applies to other components of language. I will also focus on the consequences of the concept for the teacher and his work in the classroom. Before the 1960s language was not considered to be a mental phenomenon. Like other forms of human behavior language is learnt by processes of habit formation. A child learns his mother tongue by imitating the sounds and patterns he hears around him. By approval or disapproval, adults reinforce the childs attempts and lead the efforts to the correct forms. Under the influence of cognitive linguists this explanation of first language acquisitio n was criticized. Language cant be verbal behavior only since children are able to produce an infinite number of utterances that have never heard before. This creativity is only possible because a child develops a system of rules. A large number of studies have shown that children actually do construct their own rule system, which develops gradually until it corresponds to the system of the adults. There is also evidence that they pass through similar stages acquiring grammatical rules. Through the influence of cognitive linguists and first language acquisition research the notion developed that second language learners, too, could be viewed as actively constructing rules from the data they encounter and that they gradually adapt these rules in the direction of the target language. However wrong and inappropriate learners own language system, they are grammatical in their own terms, since they are a product of the learners own language system. This system gradually develops toward t he rule-system of the target language. The various shapes of the learners language competence are called interlanguage. This draws to the fact that the learners language system is neither that of his mother tongue nor that of the second language, but contains elements of both. Therefore, errors need not be seen as signs of failure only, but as evidence of the learners developing system. While the behaviorist approach led to teaching methods which use drills and consider errors as signs of failure, the concept of interlanguage liberated language teaching and paved the way for communicative teaching methods. Since errors are considered a reflection of the students temporary language system and therefore a natural part of the learning process, teachers could now use teaching activities which did not call for constant supervision of the students language. Group work and pair work became suitable means for language learning. A brief review of approaches to analyses of errors Contrastive Analysis (CA) Contrastive analysis is an approach generated from behaviorist learning theory. Through CA applied linguists sought to use the formal distinctions between the learners first and second languages to predict errors. The basic concept behind CA was that a structural picture of any language could be constructed which might then be used in direct comparison with the structural picture of another language. Through a process of mapping one system onto another, similarities and differences could be identified. Identifying the differences would lead to a better understanding of the problems that a learner of the particular L2 would face. (Corder , 1983). CA stresses the influence of mother tongue in learning a second language in phonological, morphological, lexical and syntactic levels. It holds that L2 would be affected by L1. Here, language is taken as a set of habits and learning as the establishment of new habits, a view sprung from behaviorism, under which langu age is essentially a system of habits. In the course of language learning, L1 learning habits will be transferred into L2 learning habits. Therefore, in the case of L1 transfer into L2, if structures in the MT have their corresponding structures in the TL and L1 habits can be successfully used in the L2, learners would transfer similar properties successfully used in the L2, learners would transfer similar properties successfully and that would result in positive transfer. Contrastively, in the case of negative transfer or interference, certain elements of the MT have no corresponding counterparts in the TL, L1 habits would cause errors in the L2 and learners would transfer inappropriate properties of L1. CA places the environment as the predominant factor in SLA, while learners are believed to play only a passive role in accepting the impositions of the environment. We must not forget that there are numbers of errors made by language learners seem to be unrelated to the learners na tive language. According to SLA researchers non-interference errors were more pervasive in learner performance than CA were ready to recognize. Dulay and Burt (1973) studied the errors made by Spanish-speaking children learning English as an L2 and claimed that all of the learners errors had collected, 85% were developmental (non-interference), 12% were unique and only 3% were results of L1 interference. Primary tenets of CA are: Prime cause of difficulty and error in foreign language learning is interference coming from the learners native language. Difficulties are chiefly due to differences between the two languages The greater the difference s, the more acute the learning difficulties will be The results of a comparison between the two languages are needed to predict th e difficulties and errors which will occur in learning the target language What needs to be taught is discovered by comparing the languages and subtracting what is common to them. (Corder, 1981) 3. Error analysis (EA) It is defined as the study of linguistics ignorance, the investigation of what people do not know and how they attempt to cope with their ignorance, by James (2001).Error analysis was first introduced by Fries (1945) and Lado (1957) who have claimed that foreign or second language learners errors could be predicted on the basis of the differences between the learners native and second languages. They have also suggested that where the aspects of the target language are similar to those of the learners native language, learning will be easy; otherwise, it will be difficult and second language learners are expected to make errors .The field of error analysis in SLA was established in the 1970s by S. P. Corder and colleagues. A widely-available survey can be found in chapter 8 of Brown (2000). Error analysis was an alternative to contrastive analysis, an approach influenced by behaviorism through which applied linguists sought to use the formal distinctions between the learners first an d second languages to predict errors. Error analysis showed that contrastive analysis was unable to predict a great majority of errors, although its more valuable aspects have been incorporated into the study of language transfer. A key finding of error analysis has been that many learner errors are produced by learners making faulty inferences about the rules of the new language. This is the examination of those errors committed by students in both the spoken and written medium. Corder, who has contributed enormously to EA, writes this: The study of error is part of the investigation of the process of language learning. In this respect it resembles methodologically the study of the acquisition of the mother tongue. It provides us with a picture of the linguistic development of a learner and may give us indications as the learning process. Error analysts distinguish between errors, which are systematic, and mistakes, which are not. Corder(1967) made use of Chomskys the competence versus performance distinction by associating errors with failures in competence and mistakes with failures in performance. In his view, a mistake occurs as the results of processing limitations rather than lack of competence. It signifies L2 learners failure of utilizing their knowledge of a TL rule. They often seek to develop a typology of errors. Error can be classified according to basic type: omissive, additive, substitutive or related to word order. They can be classified by how apparent they are: overt errors such as I angry are obvious even out of context, whereas covert errors are evident only in context. Closely related to this is the classification according to domain, the breadth of context which the analyst must examine, and extent, the breadth of the utterance which must be changed in order to fix the error. Errors may also be cl assified according to the level of language: phonological errors, vocabulary or lexical errors, syntactic errors, and so on. They may be assessed according to the degree to which they interfere with communication: global errors make an utterance difficult to understand, while local errors do not. In the above example, I angry would be a local error, since the meaning is apparent. From the beginning, error analysis was beset with methodological problems. In particular, the above typologies are problematic: from linguistic data alone, it is often impossible to reliably determine what kind of error a learner is making. Also, error analysis can deal effectively only with learner production (speaking and writing) and not with learner reception (listening and reading). Furthermore, it cannot account for learner use of communicative strategies such as avoidance, in which learners simply do not use a form with which they are uncomfortable. For these reasons, although error analysis is still used to investigate specific questions in SLA, the quest for an overarching theory of learner errors has largely been abandoned. In the mid-1970s, Corder and others moved on to a more wide-ranging approach to learner language, known as interlanguage. Error analysis is closely related to the study of error treatment in language teaching. Today, the study of errors is particularly relevant for focus on form teaching methodology. EA emphasizes on the significance of errors in learners IL system, Brown (1994) may be, carried out directly for pedagogic purposes. Carl James (1998) viewed, EA developed out of the belief that errors indicate the learners stage of language learning and acquisition.th learner is seen as an active participant in the development of hypotheses regarding the rules of the target language just as a young child learning the first language. Errors are considered to be evidence of the learners strategy as he or she builds competence in the target language. These errors are defined as global which inhibit understanding and local which do not interfere with communication. Error analysis has been criticized as being an inefficient tool for studying the way second language learners develop their target language. It is argued that error analysis deals with the learners productive competence rather than the receptive one, and it is also an imperfect instrument for categorizing errors and explaining them. In the book Error and Interlanguage written by Pit Corder, he stated that various classifications of these error systems have been developed by error analysis researchers, three of which can be helpful for the teacher and are as follows. Pre-systematic; errors occur before the language learner has realized any system for classifying items being learned; the learner can neither correct nor explain this type of error. Systematic; errors occur after the learner has noticed a system and error consistently occurs; learner can explain but not correct the error. This classification relies on three major groups: (1) interference errors; (2) intralingual errors; (3)development errors. Interference errors are caused by the influence of the native language, in presumably those areas where the languages differ markedly. Intralingual errors originate with the structure to TL itself. The complexity of language encourages over-generalization, incomplete application of rules, and the failure to learn conditions for rule application. Development errors reflect the students attempt to make hypotheses about the language from the native language. Post-systematic; errors occur when learner is consistent in his or her recognition of systems; can explain and correct the error. The following steps are distinguished in conducting an EA: collection of a sample of learner language; identification of errors; explanation of errors; error evaluation (Ellis cited in 2005) Richards (1971) focused on the intralingual and developmental errors observed in the acquisition of English as a second language and further classified them into four categories: (i) Overgeneralization; covering instances where the learners create a deviant structure on the basis of his experience of other structure of the TL. (ii)Ignorance of the rule restriction, occurring as a result of failure to observe the restrictions or existing structures (iii) Incomplete application of rules, arising when the learners fail to fully develop a certain structure required to produce acceptable sentences (iv) False concepts hypothesized, deriving from faulty comprehension of distinctions in the TL. from the analyses of errors to the practice of error correction We know that in traditional classroom instruction is laid on accuracy, errors frequently corrected because the teacher thinks the error as a thorn in his/her flesh. Yet with the understanding of IL theory, the role of error correction has changed. Errors are considered natural products in language learning and in fact reflect the modes of learners developing system. What are the sources and causes of Errors? The following factors are identified as the source and causes of Errors Mother tongue interference Wilkins (1972) observes: When learning a foreign language an individual already knows his mother tongue, and it is this which he attempts to transfer. The transfer may prove to be justified because the structure of the two languages is similar-in that case we get positive transfer or facilitation- or may prove unjustified because the structure of the two languages are different- in that case we get negative transfer- or interference. Loan Words